A wide range of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds enter freshwaters globally. As these contaminants are transported through aquatic food webs, understanding their impacts on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems remains a major challenge. Here, we provide the first direct evidence of the transfer of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors through the aquatic–terrestrial habitat linkage by emerging aquatic insects. We also show that the type of insect metamorphosis and feeding behavior determine the bioaccumulation patterns of these contaminants. Adult Trichoptera, an important food source for riparian predators, showed an increased body burden of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. This implies that terrestrial predators, such as spiders, birds, and bats, are exposed to mixtures of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors of aquatic origin, which may impact their physiology and population dynamics. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the bioaccumulation patterns and trophic cross-ecosystem transfer of these contaminants, from aquatic primary producers to terrestrial predators.

中文翻译：

---

水生昆虫将药物和内分泌干扰物从水生生态系统转移到陆地生态系统

各种各样的药物和破坏内分泌的化合物进入全球淡水。由于这些污染物是通过水生食物网运输的，因此了解其对水生和陆地生态系统的影响仍然是一个重大挑战。在这里，我们提供了新兴的水生昆虫通过水生与陆地生境联系而转移药物和内分泌干扰物的第一个直接证据。我们还表明，昆虫变态的类型和摄食行为决定了这些污染物的生物蓄积模式。成年的毛鳞翅目动物是河岸捕食者的重要食物来源，其体内药物和内分泌干扰物的负担增加。这意味着陆地上的掠食者，例如蜘蛛，鸟类和蝙蝠，暴露于药物和水生内分泌干扰物的混合物中，这可能会影响其生理和种群动态。总体而言，我们的研究提供了从水生初级生产者到陆地捕食者的这些污染物的生物富集模式和营养性跨生态系统转移的宝贵见解。