Abstract

The process of the globalization of taekwondo started in the aftermath of the Korean War (1950–1953), as the result of the Korean Diaspora, when a number of Korean martial arts instructors emigrated to the United States. In addition, members of the South Korean and American military were largely responsible for the early spread of taekwondo, when they founded some of the first Korean martial arts clubs in the United States and other countries. However, during the late 1950s and 1960s, the South Korean government provided limited efforts to promote taekwondo internationally, with the exception of a considerable number of taekwondo teachers dispatched to instruct South Vietnamese soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. Despite the Korean government’s limited role in its early globalization process, taekwondo’s early spread around the world had been quite successful, often as a result of the efforts of dedicated individuals. The South Korean government’s official role in promoting taekwondo internationally changed only after 1971, when taekwondo was declared the nominal ‘national sport’ of South Korea and the Park Chung Hee regime exploited taekwondo’s full potential in promoting Korea’s soft power and cultural recognition. In fact, taekwondo was South Korea’s first successful, international cultural export, long before the now popular, so-called, ‘Korean Wave’.

摘要

跆拳道的全球化进程始于朝鲜战争（1950-1953）之后，作为韩国侨民的结果，当时许多韩国武术教练移民到美国。此外，韩国和美国军队的成员对跆拳道的早期传播负有很大责任，当时他们在美国和其他国家建立了一些最早的韩国武术俱乐部。然而，在 1950 年代末和 1960 年代期间，除了派遣大量跆拳道教师指导南越士兵进行徒手格斗外，韩国政府在国际上推广跆拳道的努力有限。尽管韩国政府在其早期全球化进程中的作用有限，跆拳道在世界范围内的早期传播是相当成功的，这通常是敬业的个人努力的结果。韩国政府在国际上推广跆拳道的官方角色直到 1971 年才发生变化，当时跆拳道被宣布为韩国名义上的“国球”，朴正熙政权充分利用了跆拳道在促进韩国软实力和文化认可方面的潜力。事实上，跆拳道是韩国第一个成功的国际文化输出项目，早在现在流行的所谓“韩流”之前。当跆拳道被宣布为韩国名义上的“国球”时，朴正熙政权充分利用了跆拳道的潜力，提升了韩国的软实力和文化认可度。事实上，跆拳道是韩国第一个成功的国际文化输出项目，早在现在流行的所谓“韩流”之前。当跆拳道被宣布为韩国名义上的“国球”时，朴正熙政权充分利用了跆拳道的潜力，提升了韩国的软实力和文化认可度。事实上，跆拳道是韩国第一个成功的国际文化输出项目，早在现在流行的所谓“韩流”之前。