Leveraging the potential flexibility of large electrical loads has become an attractive option for maintaining grid reliability, especially in electric grids with high penetrations of variable renewable energy. The water sector is a particularly attractive option for demand‐side flexibility due to its vast water storage infrastructure, large interruptible pumping loads, and energy generation opportunities. Shifting the timing of water supply and wastewater utility operations can reduce peak load and temporally align energy‐consuming activities with periods of cheap electricity prices and/or high renewable energy generation. This paper presents a general overview of demand‐side management strategies in water and wastewater systems, focusing primarily on demand‐response measures. We find that while there is consensus in the literature about the potential for water systems to provide flexible demand‐side management services, there is a need for developing comprehensive water‐energy models to examine the value of load management as a source of revenue for water utilities and as a source of flexibility for the electric grid. More experimental studies and simulation efforts are also needed to address the technical complexities and water quality concerns associated with interrupting water and wastewater utility operations.

中文翻译：

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通过水和能源的联系，通过供水和废水处理部门的需求侧管理为电网带来收益

利用大电力负载的潜在灵活性已成为保持电网可靠性的一种有吸引力的选择，特别是在具有可变可再生能源的高渗透率的电网中。由于其庞大的储水基础设施，巨大的可中断抽水负荷和发电机会，水务部门对于需求方灵活性而言是一个极具吸引力的选择。改变供水和废水处理设施的运行时间可以减少高峰负荷，并使耗能活动与低廉的电价和/或高可再生能源发电时间保持一致。本文概述了水和废水系统中需求侧管理策略，主要侧重于需求响应措施。我们发现，尽管文献中就水系统提供灵活的需求方管理服务的潜力达成了共识，但仍需要开发综合的水能源模型，以检验负荷管理作为水收入来源的价值公用事业和电网灵活性的来源。还需要更多的实验研究和模拟工作来解决与中断供水和废水处理厂运营相关的技术复杂性和水质问题。