Toby Lewis, who died in London on 20 November 2020 at the age of 102, will be remembered as a statistician who made wide‐ranging contributions to statistical methodology, as a gifted teacher who inspired those he taught and supervised in their research, and as a warm and generous friend to professional and social colleagues alike. Many of his past students went on to become his lifelong friends. He continued to be immersed in statistics long after formal retirement and was still active in this respect in the final months of his life, reflecting a professional life of more than seven decades.

Toby was born in Great Yarmouth on 19 October 1918. His family were Jewish, originally from Eastern Europe. His father was a herring exporter, his mother a gifted musician and artist (she invented a fish paste and was sent to Paris as a fashion artist) but the family was not well‐off and Toby and his brother and two sisters had to succeed in terms of their own natural talents. His brother, Maurice, read Mathematics at Cambridge and went on to teach; his sisters, Naomi and Edina, excelled in the arts, as a distinguished writer, critic and poet, and as a gifted linguist, respectively. Toby attended Great Yarmouth Grammar School until the age of 12, when the family moved to London and Toby won a scholarship to the renowned St Paul’s School in Hammersmith.

Toby read Mathematics on a Scholarship at Balliol College, Oxford (there was little prospect of reading statistics in those days) and he graduated with a First in 1938 at the age of 20. As was common for all young men at the time, he was called up for military service for 6 months, but he ended up serving 10 years in the army and attaining the rank of Major. He served partly in Borneo, on attachment to the Australian army, having worked ‘in the back room’ on logistical tasks, and from 1945 to 1948 in the AORG (Army Operational Research Group),

It was at the Anti‐Aircraft Artillery School in Manorbier in Wales in 1948, while giving some lectures on mathematics ‘to anyone who turned up’, that he met his future bride, ATS Officer Catherine McEachern. She was ‘the only one in the class to get all the right answers’ to his questions. They were happily married for nearly 60 years until Catherine died in June 2007.

From 1948 to 1952, Toby worked at the National Physical Laboratory and then moved to the Statistical Advisory Unit of the Ministry of Supply for a further 5 years, clearly by this time having identified an interest and skill in statistics. His wish to enter academic work was realised in 1957 when he obtained a post as Lecturer in Mathematical Statistics in the Statistical Laboratory of the Mathematics Department at Manchester University, working for the renowned Maurice Bartlett. In the 5 years he was there that Department featured many mathematical luminaries, including Max Newman, Charles Lighthill, Bernard Neumann, Kurt Mahler, and eminent statisticians such as John Bather, Maurice Priestley and Peter Whittle, as well as many others who went on to lead their own statistics groups.

Toby transferred with Maurice Bartlett to University College, London, in 1962. He stayed there for 6 years, spending interludes elsewhere, including time at Churchill College, Cambridge, and a year’s sabbatical in 1966, when he took up the offer of a visiting professorship at the University of Western Australia in Perth. This renewed his love of Australia, to which he returned many times throughout his career. As well as returning to the University of WA, he also later worked for the CSIRO in Canberra.

Toby’s early research interests were catholic and included distributional theory, closed queues, conflict models and—a persisting interest—the analysis of directional data (circular and spherical), on which he published widely in research papers and books up to 2007. His collaboration on this subject with Nick Fisher lasted almost 20 years, and their book (with Brian Embleton) on spherical data analysis, first published in 1987, remains a standard and practical text.

Toby became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1950. In the 1960s, he served on the RSS Council, as well as on the Research Section and General Applications Section Committees and on the Editorial Panels of the RSS Journals, Series B and C. He was also a member of the Council of the Institute of Statisticians from 1980 to 1985. With the amalgamation of the RSS and the IoS, Toby became a Chartered Statistician. He was also elected to Fellowship of the International Statistical Institute.

Throughout his career, Toby retained an abiding interest in the practical side of statistics and in statistical education. In the 1960s and 1970s, he was part of an influential group concerned with teaching statistics in schools. He was himself renowned as a gifted and caring teacher of the subject, maintaining close personal and professional links with many colleagues he had initially taught or supervised in their research.

In 1968, Toby was appointed to the Chair of Statistics in the newly created department at Hull University (living next door to Philip Larkin so ‘not totally bereft of culture’). It was during the 11 years at Hull that Toby jointly published with Vic Barnett the first edition of their renowned book on Outliers in Statistical Data which, now in its very much extended third edition, is widely regarded as the authoritative treatment on the subject.

In 1979, Toby was awarded a DSc by Manchester University. In the same year, he also took up the first Chair in Statistics at the Open University, and this provided new challenges and interests from the teaching standpoint in terms of TV preparation and presentation. He lived locally, in Husborne Crawley, where Catherine was headmistress of the village school.

While at the Open University Toby fought a heartfelt and protracted, but ultimately unsuccessful, campaign to help a Mathematics student who was accused of cheating in his Final exams and was refused an Honours degree. Toby was determined to help the fight against what he believed to be the injustice of the case. The arguments ranged through a University tribunal, an appeal to the Visitor and a case in the High Court, which was eventually dismissed since the large sum required as security against future costs could not be met.

Toby retired from the Open University in 1986. He and Catherine moved to Diss in Norfolk to go ‘back to his roots’, and he was appointed to an Honorary Professorship at the University of East Anglia, a post which was extended until the summer of 2010. He continued to be active professionally, receiving an Honorary DSc from UEA in 2000 in recognition of his work as ‘an inspirational teacher and a leading light in the area of multi‐level modelling’.

Research interests and publications over these periods encompassed new fields for Toby, principally multi‐level statistical models, longitudinal studies and educational testing and assessment, often working with Harvey Goldstein and Ian Langford.

Toby continued to take a close interest in professional matters until into his 90s, among other things travelling back and forth from his home in Diss to the Offices of the RSS in London, where he was involved with activities of the Society’s General Application Section.

With the help of Debra Hurcomb at the RSS and others, Toby successfully campaigned to get statistical topics into the mathematics programme of the annual festival of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS; now the British Science Association). One of his last professional writings was a proposal for a session on statistics in sport for BAAS. That exemplifies several lifelong aspects of Toby’s statistical work; a recognition of the importance of building on their existing experience to motivate learners’ interest in statistics, an ability to contribute in an application area that was new to Toby at the time, and a talent for making enduring contributions. (The British Science Association continues to present statistical topics in its events, and at the RSS, Statistics in Sport has since become a Section.)

He is survived by his daughters Gina and Rae, and grandson Alexander, and will be remembered with great warmth by the very large number of professional colleagues whom he taught, helped and worked with over an impressive range of statistical topics.

托比·刘易斯（Toby Lewis）于2020年11月20日在伦敦去世，享年102岁。他将被铭记为统计学家，他为统计方法论做出了广泛的贡献，他是一位天才的老师，他启发了他所教导和指导的研究工作，是专业人士和社会同事的一个热情而慷慨的朋友。他过去的许多学生后来都成为他的终身朋友。在正式退休后不久，他就一直沉迷于统计数据中，并且在他生命的最后几个月仍然活跃在这方面，这反映出他已经从事了七十多年的职业生涯。

托比于1918年10月19日出生于大雅茅斯。他的家人是犹太人，最初来自东欧。他的父亲是鲱鱼的出口商，他的母亲是一位才华横溢的音乐家和艺术家（她发明了鱼酱，并以时装艺术家的身份被派往巴黎），但家庭并不富裕，托比和他的兄弟和两个姐妹不得不成功。自己天赋的条件。他的兄弟莫里斯（Maurice）在剑桥大学读数学，然后继续教书。他的姐姐娜奥米（Naomi）和埃迪娜（Edina）在艺术方面表现出色，分别是杰出的作家，评论家和诗人，以及才华横溢的语言学家。托比（Toby）上了大雅茅斯语法学校（Great Yarmouth Grammar School）直到12岁，全家移居伦敦，托比（Toby）获得了哈默史密斯（Hammersmith）著名的圣保罗学校（St Paul's School）的奖学金。

托比（Toby）在牛津大学巴利奥尔学院（Balliol College）的奖学金下读数学（那时候阅读统计数据的可能性很小），他于1938年以20岁的高等专业毕业。要求服兵役6个月，但他最终在军队服役10年并获得少校军衔。他隶属于澳大利亚军队，曾在婆罗洲（Borneo）服役，曾在“后室”从事后勤任务，并于1945年至1948年在AORG（陆军作战研究小组）中工作，

1948年，在威尔士马诺比尔的防空炮兵学校，当“向出现的任何人”进行一些数学讲座时，他遇到了他未来的新娘，ATS军官凯瑟琳·麦克埃瑟恩（Catherine McEachern）。她是“班上唯一获得所有正确答案的人”。他们幸福地结婚了将近60年，直到凯瑟琳（Catherine）于2007年6月去世。

从1948年到1952年，托比（Toby）在国家物理实验室工作，然后又转移到了供应部的统计咨询部门长达5年之久，这显然已经确定了他对统计的兴趣和技巧。1957年，当他获得曼彻斯特大学数学系统计实验室的数理统计讲师一职并为著名的莫里斯·巴特利特（Maurice Bartlett）工作时，他实现了进入学术工作的愿望。在他任职的5年中，该系拥有许多数学专家，包括麦克斯·纽曼，查尔斯·莱特希尔，伯纳德·诺伊曼，库尔特·马勒，以及著名的统计学家，例如约翰·巴特，莫里斯·普里斯特利和彼得·惠特尔，以及许多后来的研究者领导自己的统计小组。

托比（Toby）于1962年与莫里斯·巴特利特（Maurice Bartlett）一起转移到伦敦大学学院。他在那里呆了6年，在其他地方度过了一段时光，包括在剑桥的丘吉尔学院（Churchill College）的时间，以及在1966年休假一年的那一年，当时他接受了客座教授的邀请。在珀斯的西澳大利亚大学就读。这重燃了他对澳大利亚的热爱，他在整个职业生涯中多次返回澳大利亚。除了回到华盛顿大学，他后来还在堪培拉的CSIRO工作。

托比（Toby）的早期研究兴趣是天主教，包括分布理论，封闭队列，冲突模型以及对方向性数据（圆形和球形）的分析（一直以来的兴趣），直到2007年他在研究论文和书籍中广泛发表。与尼克·费舍尔（Nick Fisher）合作的这个主题持续了将近20年，其有关球形数据分析的书（与布莱恩·恩普尔顿（Brian Embleton）一起）于1987年首次出版，至今仍是标准且实用的教材。

托比于1950年成为皇家统计学会的会员。在1960年代，他曾在RSS理事会，研究部和一般应用部委员会以及RSS期刊B和C系列的编辑小组中任职。从1980年到1985年，他还是统计学家协会理事会的成员。随着RSS和IoS的合并，Toby成为一名特许统计学家。他还当选为国际统计学会院士。

在整个职业生涯中，Toby始终对统计的实践方面和统计教育保持着浓厚的兴趣。在1960年代和1970年代，他是一个有影响力的小组的成员，该小组关注学校的教学统计。他本人以该学科的天才和关怀老师而闻名，与最初研究或指导研究的许多同事保持着密切的个人和专业联系。

1968年，托比（Toby）被任命为赫尔大学新设立的系的统计主任（住在菲利普·拉金（Philip Larkin）的隔壁，所以“不完全丧失文化”）。托比（Toby）在赫尔（Hull）的11年间与维克·巴内特（Vic Barnett）共同出版了他们著名的《统计数据离群值》一书的第一版，该书现已扩展为第三版，被广泛认为是该主题的权威著作。

1979年，托比（Toby）被曼彻斯特大学（Manchester University）授予DSc。同年，他还担任了开放大学的第一位统计学教授，这从教学的角度出发，在电视的准备和展示方面提出了新的挑战和兴趣。他住在赫斯本·克劳利（Husborne Crawley）的当地，凯瑟琳是乡村学校的校长。

在开放大学期间，托比（Toby）竭尽全力，但最终没有成功，该运动旨在帮助一名数学系学生，该学生被指控在期末考试中作弊，并被拒绝授予荣誉学位。托比决心下决心与他认为是不公正的案件作斗争。争论通过大学法庭，对访客的上诉以及在高等法院的案件进行，最终被驳回，因为无法支付用于抵御未来费用的担保所需要的大笔款项。

托比（Toby）于1986年从公开大学退休。他和凯瑟琳（Catherine）搬到诺福克（Norfolk）的迪斯（Diss）以“回到自己的根源”，并被任命为东安格利亚大学（University of East Anglia）的名誉教授，该职位一直延续到2006年夏天。 2010年。他继续从事专业活动，2000年获得UEA授予的荣誉DSc，以表彰他作为“多层次建模领域的鼓舞人心的老师和领导者”的工作。

这些时期的研究兴趣和出版物包括Toby的新领域，主要是多层统计模型，纵向研究以及教育测试和评估，通常与Harvey Goldstein和Ian Langford合作。

托比（Toby）一直对专业事务有着浓厚的兴趣，直到90年代，他才从他在Diss的家中来回往返于伦敦的RSS办公室，在那里他参与了协会的通用申请科的活动。

在RSS和其他机构的Debra Hurcomb的帮助下，Toby成功地开展了竞选活动，将统计主题纳入了英国科学促进协会（BAAS；现在的英国科学协会）年度音乐节的数学程序。他最后的专业著作之一是为BAAS举办的关于体育统计学的会议的建议。这体现了托比统计工作的几个终生方面；认识到利用现有经验来激发学习者对统计的兴趣的重要性，在Toby当时不熟悉的应用领域中做出贡献的能力以及做出持久贡献的才能。（英国科学协会继续在其活动中展示统计主题，而在RSS上，体育统计学自此成为一个部门。）

他的女儿吉娜（Gina）和雷（Rae）以及孙子亚历山大（Alexander）幸免于难，他将在众多令人印象深刻的统计主题中任教，帮助和工作过的非常多的专业同事将使他记忆犹新。