Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has attracted attention in agricultural community as alternative crop in harsh climatic regions due to its high tolerance level under biotic and abiotic conditions. Natural and synthetic growth enhancers are supposed to boost up the growth, development and economical yield of field crops under normal and unfavourable growing conditions. Two successive field experiments were conducted to explore the impact of moringa leaf extract (MLE), sorghum water extract (sorgaab), hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid on growth and grain quality of quinoa cultivated under normal and late sown conditions. MLE at 3%, sorgaab at 3%, hydrogen peroxide at 100 µM and ascorbic acid at 500 µM were applied at anthesis stage of crop cultivated during growing seasons of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. Seeds of quinoa genotype UAF-Q7 were sown at Research Area of Directorate of Farms, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-Pakistan. All the foliar treatments significantly improved the physiological and growth attributes. Maximum improvement in synthesis of chlorophyll (29% and 12%) and carotenoids contents (42% and 28%) and net rate of photosynthesis (58% and 70%) and respiration (26% and 14%) was recorded by MLE application over control (no spray) under normal and late sowing. Mineral elements, antioxidants activities and seed protein contents were also improved by all foliar treatments but mainly by MLE application. MLE application produced highest grain (47%) and straw (52%) yields under normal and late sown environments. Application of MLE is considered good biostimulant to improve the productivity and yield of quinoa crop cultivated under normal and even in late sown circumstances.

中文翻译：

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天然和合成生长促进剂对正常和晚播条件下栽培的藜麦（chenopodium quinoa willd.）生产力和产量的影响

藜麦（Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) 因其在生物和非生物条件下的高耐受水平而作为恶劣气候地区的替代作物引起了农业界的关注。天然和合成的生长促进剂应该在正常和不利的生长条件下促进大田作物的生长、发育和经济产量。连续进行了两次田间试验，探讨了辣木叶提取物（MLE）、高粱水提取物（sorgaab）、过氧化氢和抗坏血酸对正常和晚播条件下藜麦生长和籽粒品质的影响。在 2016-2017 年和 2017-2018 年生长季节栽培的作物开花期施用了 3% 的 MLE、3% 的高粱、100 µM 的过氧化氢和 500 µM 的抗坏血酸。藜麦基因型 UAF-Q7 的种子在巴基斯坦费萨拉巴德农业大学农场局研究区播种。所有叶面处理均显着改善了生理和生长特性。MLE 应用记录了叶绿素合成（29% 和 12%）和类胡萝卜素含量（42% 和 28%）以及光合作用净速率（58% 和 70%）和呼吸作用（26% 和 14%）的最大改善正常和晚播下控制（不喷）。所有叶面处理也提高了矿物质元素、抗氧化活性和种子蛋白质含量，但主要是通过 MLE 应用。在正常和晚播环境下，MLE 应用产生了最高的谷物 (47%) 和稻草 (52%) 产量。