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Lab to Market: Where the Rubber Meets the Road for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 8.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00980 Bala Subramaniam , David Allen , King Kuok (Mimi) Hii , Juan Colberg , Thalappil Pradeep
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 8.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-03-01 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00980 Bala Subramaniam , David Allen , King Kuok (Mimi) Hii , Juan Colberg , Thalappil Pradeep
Global chemical industry sales exceeded 5 trillion U.S. dollars in 2017 and are expected to double by 2030.(1) The chemical industry is among the most energy intensive industrial sectors and has greenhouse gas emissions totaling roughly a third of the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector.(2) Raw materials for the chemical industry along with the energy required for their extraction and further processing are predominantly derived from fossil sources. Without transitioning to more sustainable technologies and raw materials, the required expansion of the global chemicals enterprise will exacerbate sustainability challenges. However, expansion of the industry also presents a significant opportunity to promote sustainability and a circular economy. Further, the accelerated increase in global environmental and safety regulations for new and existing chemicals and materials is also driving governmental actions aimed at technologies that are inherently safer and sustainable.(3,4) Despite the COVID-19-induced shrinkage of industrial production in 2020, the global chemical industry could be poised to invest in sustainable chemical manufacturing.(5) New technologies based on renewable sources of energy and raw materials, that are less resource intensive, are urgently needed to minimize harm to the environment and human health. Sustainable manufacturing of chemicals can be based on plant-based biomass, abundantly available CO2 and end-of-use waste to promote a circular economy (Figure 1). The future chemical industry can also be powered by renewable sources of power such as solar and wind energy, and renewable hydrogen to eliminate the carbon footprint caused by fossil-based energy sources. Fortunately, plant/waste-based biomass, solar, and wind energies are abundantly available to make this grand vision a reality. Major challenges include the development of new, practically viable technologies to make chemicals and fuels from these emerging feedstocks, finding processes that minimize resource consumption, and mapping a transition for the existing industry to evolve to a new, sustainable configuration. Figure 1. Transition to the grand vision: Distributed biorefineries where chemicals and fuels are made from renewable carbon sources powered by renewable energy. Fundamentally, biomass resources are physically and chemically different from fossil fuels. While crude oils can be cracked and distilled into various gas and liquid components in an oil refinery and natural gas liquids can be cryogenically separated in gas processing plants, different separation technologies are needed to convert solid and involatile liquid biomass into useful chemicals in biorefineries. Chemically, biomass resources also tend to contain oxygenates, rather than hydrocarbons. Hence, while fossil fuels are transformed into valuable feedstocks largely by selective oxidation of C–H and C═C bonds (generally exothermic processes), transformations of biomass require the exact opposite—to reduce or transform C–O bonds—for which there are very few truly “green” and sustainable methods. This means that the infrastructure and network of processes required for a chemical industry based on biomass processing will be very different from those that exist currently. Mapping pathways to accomplish the transformation with biomass and other emerging feedstocks (CO2, plastic wastes, etc.) will be challenging. Another challenge will be navigation of the notorious “Valley of Death” between early and late “technology readiness levels” (TRLs) for innovative technologies. Technologies must be demonstrated, economically and environmentally, at appropriate scales to be viable for large-scale commodity level production. These demonstrations will require closer collaboration between the private and public sectors such as governments, academia, and industry to deliver technological solutions. These public–private partnerships will share the greater risks that are invariably associated with transformative technologies. Despite these challenges, steps in the transition to a sustainable chemical industry are already being taken. Some of these steps have been showcased by the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards, established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 1995 (now known as the Green Chemistry Challenge Awards), that highlight scientific and technical advances in green chemistry. The winning technologies have impacted a broad range of everyday products, including pharmaceuticals, foods, packaging, cosmetics, clothing, and electronics.(6) They are reported to have annually eliminated nearly 360 thousand metric tons of hazardous chemicals, saved 21 billion gallons of water, and cut CO2 equivalent emissions by approximately 3.5 million metric tons.(7) While these achievements are significant, they only represent proof of viability as there is still ample room to shrink the industry’s environmental footprint, such as the billions of metric tons of CO2 emitted by the chemical industry annually.(1) Since measuring progress is critical in maintaining momentum in transitioning to sustainable chemical manufacturing, it is significant that many major chemical manufacturers now routinely track performance using sustainability metrics. The ACS Green Chemistry Institute reported a survey on how quantitative sustainability metrics are used in chemical manufacturing as well as future needs to translate promising green chemistry ideas into industrial technologies.(8) Major chemical and product manufacturers such as Dow,(9) BASF,(10) DuPont,(11) and Procter & Gamble(12) have used metrics and tools developed within their organizations to reduce the environmental footprints of their existing products and processes. The extent of these reductions may be seen in the annual sustainability reports posted at the company websites. Beyond the evidence of major manufacturers measuring their sustainability performance, another reason to be optimistic is growth in sales for renewable chemicals. The global market size was $65 billion in 2019(13) and is projected to grow 10% annually and top $126 billion by 2026. While the market size is still a small fraction of the overall chemical industry output, it is significant enough to attract further investment. All of these advances are driven by innovation. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering (ACS SCE) plans to publish a Virtual Special Issue (VSI) later this year titled Industrial Sustainability, featuring successful lab-to-market transitions of sustainable chemical technologies. As part of the VSI or otherwise, we invite case studies, which could be normal ACS SCE manuscripts such as research articles, features, or perspectives. Contributions are also invited that would be 1000–2000 word manuscripts to describe how barriers to commercialization were overcome in moving sustainable chemistry and engineering innovations from lab scale to commercialization. Manuscripts should identify various techno-economic barrier(s), successful practices for overcoming these barrier(s), and a description of how the experience might benefit other commercialization activities. The content should preferably address the following aspects: (a) brief description of the lab-scale innovation with appropriate literature and patent references, (b) technoeconomic, LCA, and risk/benefit analysis behind the business decision to commercialize, (c) key R&D studies and their scales that helped advance the TRL of the concept toward eventual commercialization, (d) partnerships across the product value chain that were critical to successful commercialization, (e) time from concept to commercialization, (f) estimate of the overall investment for a manufacturing plant of a given capacity, and (g) lessons learned from practices in other sectors or businesses. While all of this content is welcome, it is not necessary that every manuscript address all of these aspects. Figures that show the various production scales and key partners at each scale (producers of feedstock, energy, catalyst, chemical precursors, products, etc.) as well as quantitative sustainability analysis showing beneficial economic and environmental profiles would be appropriate. Manuscripts that are judged to be commercial promotions without generalizable findings are discouraged. Please note that the foregoing guidelines are meant as suggestions. Authors are encouraged to add other aspects as appropriate. If you wish to specifically contribute to the VSI in preparation, please email us at your early convenience. We look forward to receiving manuscripts in the important area of translational sustainable chemistry and engineering. We are aware that many of the challenges in bridging the gap between lab to market have not been addressed adequately in this limited space. Our editors will be revisiting this issue of global significance in future editorials. Views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS. Views expressed in this editorial are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the ACS.
This article references 13 other publications.
中文翻译:
实验室投放市场:橡胶在何处走可持续化学技术之路
2017年,全球化学工业销售额超过5万亿美元,预计到2030年将翻一番。(1)化学工业是能源密集度最高的工业部门之一,其温室气体排放量约占交通运输温室气体排放量的三分之一(2)化工原料以及其提取和进一步加工所需的能源主要来自化石资源。如果不过渡到更具可持续性的技术和原材料,全球化学品企业所需的扩张将加剧可持续性挑战。但是,行业的扩张也为促进可持续发展和循环经济提供了重要的机会。。此外,针对新的和现有的化学和材料的全球环境和安全法规的加速增长也正在推动政府针对本质上更安全和可持续的技术采取行动。(3,4)尽管COVID-19导致了工业生产的萎缩。到2020年,全球化学工业可能会准备投资于可持续的化学制造。(5)迫切需要基于资源和资源较少的可再生能源和原材料的新技术,以最大程度地减少对环境和人类健康的危害。化学品的可持续制造可以基于植物性生物质,可利用的大量CO 2和最终使用废物来促进循环经济(图1)。未来的化学工业还可以使用太阳能和风能等可再生能源和可再生氢为动力,以消除基于化石能源的碳足迹。幸运的是,以植物/废物为基础的生物质能,太阳能和风能可用于实现这一宏伟愿景。主要挑战包括开发新的,切实可行的技术,以从这些新兴原料中生产化学品和燃料;寻找使资源消耗降至最低的工艺;为现有行业过渡到向可持续发展的新格局过渡。图1.向宏伟愿景过渡:分布式生物炼油厂,其中的化学品和燃料由可再生能源驱动的可再生碳源制得。从根本上说,生物质资源在物理和化学上不同于化石燃料。尽管可以在炼油厂中将原油裂解并蒸馏成各种气体和液体成分,并且可以在天然气加工厂中低温分离天然气液体,但需要不同的分离技术才能将固体和不挥发的液体生物质转化为生物精炼厂中的有用化学物质。从化学上讲,生物质资源也倾向于包含氧化物而不是碳氢化合物。因此,虽然化石燃料主要是通过选择性地氧化C–H和C═C键(通常是放热过程)而转化为有价值的原料,但生物质的转化却需要完全相反的步骤(即还原或转化C–O键),为此存在真正的“绿色”和可持续方法很少。这意味着基于生物质加工的化学工业所需的基础设施和过程网络将与当前存在的基础设施和网络有很大不同。绘制路径以完成利用生物质和其他新兴原料(CO2个,塑料废料等)将具有挑战性。另一个挑战将是在创新技术的早期和晚期“技术准备水平”(TRL)之间导航臭名昭著的“死亡之谷”。必须以适当的规模在经济和环境上论证技术,以使其能够用于大规模的商品级生产。这些示范将需要政府,学术界和工业界等私营部门和公共部门之间更紧密的合作,以提供技术解决方案。这些公私伙伴关系将分担与变革性技术相关的更大风险。尽管存在这些挑战,但已经采取了向可持续化学工业过渡的步骤。其中一些步骤已在“总统绿色化学挑战奖”中得到展示,由美国环境保护局于1995年成立(现称为“绿色化学挑战奖”),该奖项着重介绍了绿色化学的科学和技术进步。获胜的技术已影响到广泛的日常产品,包括药品,食品,包装,化妆品,服装和电子产品。(6)据报道,这些技术每年消除了近36万吨的危险化学品,节省了210亿加仑的二氧化碳。水,切一氧化碳2当量排放量约350万吨。(7)尽管取得了显著成就,但它们仅是可行的证明,因为仍有足够的空间来缩小行业的环境足迹,例如数十亿吨的CO 2(1)由于测量进度对于维持向可持续化学制造过渡的势头至关重要,因此重要的是,许多大型化学制造商现在都定期使用可持续性指标来跟踪绩效。ACS绿色化学研究所报告了一项调查,内容涉及如何在化学制造中使用定量可持续性度量标准以及将有前途的绿色化学构想转化为工业技术的未来需求。(8)主要化学和产品制造商,如陶氏化学,(9)BASF, (10)杜邦(11)和宝洁(12)已使用其组织内部开发的指标和工具来减少其现有产品和流程的环境足迹。这些减少的程度可以在公司网站上发布的年度可持续发展报告中看到。除了主要制造商衡量其可持续发展绩效的证据外,另一个乐观的理由是可再生化学品的销售增长。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。ACS可持续化学与工程学院(ACS SCE)计划在今年晚些时候出版题为“工业可持续性”的虚拟专刊(VSI),以可持续化学技术从实验室到市场的成功过渡为特色。作为VSI的一部分或其他方式,我们邀请案例研究,这可能是正常的ACS SCE手稿,例如研究文章,功能或观点。还请投稿1000-2000字的稿件,以描述在将可持续的化学和工程创新从实验室规模转移到商业化过程中如何克服商业化的障碍。手稿应确定各种技术经济障碍,克服这些障碍的成功做法,并说明经验如何使其他商业化活动受益。内容应优先考虑以下方面:(a)实验室规模的创新的简要说明,并带有适当的文献和专利参考;(b)技术经济学,LCA和商业决策背后的风险/收益分析,以进行商业化;(c)关键研发 D研究及其规模,有助于将概念的TRL推进到最终的商业化;(d)对成功实现商业化至关重要的整个产品价值链中的伙伴关系;(e)从概念到商业化的时间;(f)估算总投资(g)从其他行业或企业的实践中学到的经验教训。虽然欢迎所有这些内容,但并非每个手稿都涉及所有这些方面。显示各种生产规模和每个规模的主要合作伙伴(原料,能源,催化剂,化学前体,产品等的生产者)的数字,以及显示出有利的经济和环境状况的定量可持续性分析,将是适当的。不推荐被认为是商业推广而没有可概括性结论的手稿。请注意,上述指南仅作为建议。鼓励作者酌情添加其他方面。如果您希望为VSI的准备工作做出特别的贡献,请在您方便的时候给我们发送电子邮件。我们期待在翻译可持续化学和工程学的重要领域收到手稿。我们知道,在这种有限的空间内,弥合实验室与市场之间的鸿沟的许多挑战尚未得到充分解决。我们的编辑将在以后的社论中再次探讨这一具有全球意义的问题。本社论中表达的观点只是作者的观点,不一定是ACS的观点。
本文引用了其他13个出版物。
更新日期:2021-03-01
This article references 13 other publications.
中文翻译:
实验室投放市场:橡胶在何处走可持续化学技术之路
2017年,全球化学工业销售额超过5万亿美元,预计到2030年将翻一番。(1)化学工业是能源密集度最高的工业部门之一,其温室气体排放量约占交通运输温室气体排放量的三分之一(2)化工原料以及其提取和进一步加工所需的能源主要来自化石资源。如果不过渡到更具可持续性的技术和原材料,全球化学品企业所需的扩张将加剧可持续性挑战。但是,行业的扩张也为促进可持续发展和循环经济提供了重要的机会。。此外,针对新的和现有的化学和材料的全球环境和安全法规的加速增长也正在推动政府针对本质上更安全和可持续的技术采取行动。(3,4)尽管COVID-19导致了工业生产的萎缩。到2020年,全球化学工业可能会准备投资于可持续的化学制造。(5)迫切需要基于资源和资源较少的可再生能源和原材料的新技术,以最大程度地减少对环境和人类健康的危害。化学品的可持续制造可以基于植物性生物质,可利用的大量CO 2和最终使用废物来促进循环经济(图1)。未来的化学工业还可以使用太阳能和风能等可再生能源和可再生氢为动力,以消除基于化石能源的碳足迹。幸运的是,以植物/废物为基础的生物质能,太阳能和风能可用于实现这一宏伟愿景。主要挑战包括开发新的,切实可行的技术,以从这些新兴原料中生产化学品和燃料;寻找使资源消耗降至最低的工艺;为现有行业过渡到向可持续发展的新格局过渡。图1.向宏伟愿景过渡:分布式生物炼油厂,其中的化学品和燃料由可再生能源驱动的可再生碳源制得。从根本上说,生物质资源在物理和化学上不同于化石燃料。尽管可以在炼油厂中将原油裂解并蒸馏成各种气体和液体成分,并且可以在天然气加工厂中低温分离天然气液体,但需要不同的分离技术才能将固体和不挥发的液体生物质转化为生物精炼厂中的有用化学物质。从化学上讲,生物质资源也倾向于包含氧化物而不是碳氢化合物。因此,虽然化石燃料主要是通过选择性地氧化C–H和C═C键(通常是放热过程)而转化为有价值的原料,但生物质的转化却需要完全相反的步骤(即还原或转化C–O键),为此存在真正的“绿色”和可持续方法很少。这意味着基于生物质加工的化学工业所需的基础设施和过程网络将与当前存在的基础设施和网络有很大不同。绘制路径以完成利用生物质和其他新兴原料(CO2个,塑料废料等)将具有挑战性。另一个挑战将是在创新技术的早期和晚期“技术准备水平”(TRL)之间导航臭名昭著的“死亡之谷”。必须以适当的规模在经济和环境上论证技术,以使其能够用于大规模的商品级生产。这些示范将需要政府,学术界和工业界等私营部门和公共部门之间更紧密的合作,以提供技术解决方案。这些公私伙伴关系将分担与变革性技术相关的更大风险。尽管存在这些挑战,但已经采取了向可持续化学工业过渡的步骤。其中一些步骤已在“总统绿色化学挑战奖”中得到展示,由美国环境保护局于1995年成立(现称为“绿色化学挑战奖”),该奖项着重介绍了绿色化学的科学和技术进步。获胜的技术已影响到广泛的日常产品,包括药品,食品,包装,化妆品,服装和电子产品。(6)据报道,这些技术每年消除了近36万吨的危险化学品,节省了210亿加仑的二氧化碳。水,切一氧化碳2当量排放量约350万吨。(7)尽管取得了显著成就,但它们仅是可行的证明,因为仍有足够的空间来缩小行业的环境足迹,例如数十亿吨的CO 2(1)由于测量进度对于维持向可持续化学制造过渡的势头至关重要,因此重要的是,许多大型化学制造商现在都定期使用可持续性指标来跟踪绩效。ACS绿色化学研究所报告了一项调查,内容涉及如何在化学制造中使用定量可持续性度量标准以及将有前途的绿色化学构想转化为工业技术的未来需求。(8)主要化学和产品制造商,如陶氏化学,(9)BASF, (10)杜邦(11)和宝洁(12)已使用其组织内部开发的指标和工具来减少其现有产品和流程的环境足迹。这些减少的程度可以在公司网站上发布的年度可持续发展报告中看到。除了主要制造商衡量其可持续发展绩效的证据外,另一个乐观的理由是可再生化学品的销售增长。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。2019年全球市场规模为650亿美元(13),预计每年以10%的速度增长,到2026年将达到1260亿美元。尽管市场规模仍占整个化工行业总产值的一小部分,但足以吸引更多人投资。所有这些进步都是由创新驱动的。ACS可持续化学与工程学院(ACS SCE)计划在今年晚些时候出版题为“工业可持续性”的虚拟专刊(VSI),以可持续化学技术从实验室到市场的成功过渡为特色。作为VSI的一部分或其他方式,我们邀请案例研究,这可能是正常的ACS SCE手稿,例如研究文章,功能或观点。还请投稿1000-2000字的稿件,以描述在将可持续的化学和工程创新从实验室规模转移到商业化过程中如何克服商业化的障碍。手稿应确定各种技术经济障碍,克服这些障碍的成功做法,并说明经验如何使其他商业化活动受益。内容应优先考虑以下方面:(a)实验室规模的创新的简要说明,并带有适当的文献和专利参考;(b)技术经济学,LCA和商业决策背后的风险/收益分析,以进行商业化;(c)关键研发 D研究及其规模,有助于将概念的TRL推进到最终的商业化;(d)对成功实现商业化至关重要的整个产品价值链中的伙伴关系;(e)从概念到商业化的时间;(f)估算总投资(g)从其他行业或企业的实践中学到的经验教训。虽然欢迎所有这些内容,但并非每个手稿都涉及所有这些方面。显示各种生产规模和每个规模的主要合作伙伴(原料,能源,催化剂,化学前体,产品等的生产者)的数字,以及显示出有利的经济和环境状况的定量可持续性分析,将是适当的。不推荐被认为是商业推广而没有可概括性结论的手稿。请注意,上述指南仅作为建议。鼓励作者酌情添加其他方面。如果您希望为VSI的准备工作做出特别的贡献,请在您方便的时候给我们发送电子邮件。我们期待在翻译可持续化学和工程学的重要领域收到手稿。我们知道,在这种有限的空间内,弥合实验室与市场之间的鸿沟的许多挑战尚未得到充分解决。我们的编辑将在以后的社论中再次探讨这一具有全球意义的问题。本社论中表达的观点只是作者的观点,不一定是ACS的观点。
本文引用了其他13个出版物。