Provenance trials remain an important tool for understanding genetic variation in forest trees. Maintaining decades-old experiments is critical for revealing maladaptation of translocated populations to local sites and meaningful divergence in survival and growth. We revisited the Second International Larch Provenance Test in southeastern Michigan, which featuring 24 provenances of European and Japanese larch. We compiled data collected when the plantation was 25, 41, and 61 years from seed to supplement data published at 19 years from seed. Divergence in survival rates first became pronounced at 41 years from seed. Plantation sources of unknown origin and continental Sudeten provenances had the highest rates of survival. High-elevation sources from the southern Alps performed the poorest. Survival differences were likely driven by ice storm damage and severe growing season droughts, both of which occurred at least 1-2 times per decade in southeastern Michigan over the last 60 years. Provenance performance for growth mirrored that of survival, although sources varied more in their survival than in their growth. Growth rate among sources varied over the 43-year sampling period, with intervals of fast growth occurring in several of the overall poor-performing provenances. Diameter was moderately correlated to both elevation and latitude, with inconsistent correlations to climatic variables. Broad geographical variation in provenance performance was also important in explaining variation in growth. Our data corroborate that monitoring of long-term provenance trials could be an important source of information needed to predict and understand how forest species may respond to imminent climate change and may be critical for developing strategies for its mitigation.

中文翻译：

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在美国密歇根州东南部进行的第二次国际落叶松种源测试中，树木的生长和存活期超过61年

种源试验仍然是了解林木遗传变异的重要工具。维持数十年的实验对于揭示易位人口向当地地点的适应不良以及生存和增长的有意义差异至关重要。我们重新审视了密歇根州东南部的第二次国际落叶松种源测试，其中包含24种欧洲和日本落叶松种源。我们汇总了从种子播种开始的25、41和61年时收集的数据，以补充从种子播种19年时发布的数据。从种子播种到第41年，存活率的差异首次明显。来源不明的人工林和苏台德大陆起源的人工林成活率最高。来自阿尔卑斯山南部的高海拔来源表现最差。在过去的60年中，密歇根州东南部地区每十年至少发生1-2次冰冻灾害和严重的生长季干旱，这可能导致生存差异。种源的生长表现与生存相仿，尽管各种来源的生存差异远大于它们的增长。在43年的抽样期内，来源之间的增长率各不相同，在整体表现较差的几个种源中都有快速增长的间隔。直径与海拔和纬度均适度相关，与气候变量的相关性不一致。种源表现的广泛地理差异对于解释增长的差异也很重要。