Globally, urban wetlands are facing immense pressure from land use land cover changes (LULCCs) and associated water quality degradation that is severely affecting the trophic status of these ecosystems. This study analyzed water quality degradation resulting from land system changes in the vicinity of Khushalsar, an urban Wetland, in Srinagar City from 1980 to 2017. The analysis of satellite data indicated that this Wetland lost ~18.1 ha from 1980 to 2017. During the same period, the urban area within the Wetland increased from 0.2% to 16.5%. The land cover changes assessed in the vicinity of Wetland indicated an increase of 119% and 62.8% in built-up and roads respectively. The analysis of surface water quality of the Wetland showed widespread degradation. The Trophic state index ranged from 73.4 to 84.6 indicating hyper-eutrophic waters. A snapshot of comparative water quality data from 2002 to 2018 revealed that the mean concentration of NO₃⁻-N increased from 219 to 433 μg L⁻¹ and that of total phosphorus increased from 135.4 to 1,236 μg L⁻¹ indicative of continuous nutrient enrichment. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped eight sampling sites into four clusters based on likeliness of water quality characteristics. Similarly, discriminant analysis showed the formation of similar patterns of clusters, corroborating the HCA. Principal component analysis suggested three principal components accounting for a cumulative variance of 90.61%. The unplanned land system changes vis-a-vis human-induced water quality degradation together with the lack of a monitoring mechanism have brought the Khushalsar Wetland to its current hyper-eutrophic state.

中文翻译：

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土地系统转变控制着城市湿地生态系统的营养状态：遥感和水质分析的观点

在全球范围内，城市湿地正面临着土地利用土地覆盖变化 (LULCC) 和相关水质退化的巨大压力，这严重影响了这些生态系统的营养状况。本研究分析了 1980 年至 2017 年斯利那加市城市湿地 Khushalsar 附近土地系统变化导致的水质退化。卫星数据分析表明，该湿地从 1980 年至 2017 年减少了约 18.1 公顷。同时期间，湿地内城区面积从0.2%增加到16.5%。湿地附近的土地覆盖变化评估显示，建成区和道路分别增加了 119% 和 62.8%。对湿地地表水水质的分析表明，该湿地已普遍退化。营养状态指数介于 73.4 至 84.6 之间，表明水体富营养化。₃ ^- -N 从 219 增加到 433 μg L ^-1，总磷从 135.4 增加到 1,236 μg L ^-1表明养分持续富集。分层聚类分析 (HCA) 根据水质特征的可能性将八个采样点分为四个聚类。同样，判别分析表明形成了类似的集群模式，证实了 HCA。主成分分析表明三个主成分的累积方差为 90.61%。计划外的土地系统变化与人为导致的水质退化以及缺乏监测机制，使 Khushalsar 湿地目前处于超富营养化状态。