In this study, after 30 days of long-time exposure to high salinity (36‰ and 44‰), we explored the combined effects of high salinity and ammonia nitrogen (15 mg/L ammonia-N) stresses on the energy metabolism, immune response, oxidative resistance, and ammonia metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei during the 48 h of ammonia exposure. The results showed increased glucose levels in the hemolymph and accelerated anaerobic metabolism with higher lactate levels in the muscle of all experimental groups. The combined action of the stressors decreased the non-specific immune responses of shrimp by decreasing the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP), and the expression levels of phenol oxidase (PO), immune deficiency (IMD), and arginine kinase (AK) genes at the end of the exposure. In addition, the antioxidant defense system that L. vannamei employs via the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, and the heat shock protein70 (HSP70) and thioredoxin (TRX) proteins was affected by exposure to high salinity and amminoa-N when exposed to ammonia-N with different high salinity stress. Furthermore, the expression levels of ammonia metabolism-related genes glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were initially significantly upregulated and then declined in the hepatopancreas of the high salinity treatment groups. The study revealed that variations in high salinity and ammonia beyond the optimal range significantly influence glycometabolism, non-specific immunity, antioxidation, and ammonia metabolism, and that these two factors can have significant synergistic effects.

在这项研究中，经过30天长期暴露于高盐度（36‰和44‰）后，我们探索了高盐度和氨氮（15 mg / L氨氮）胁迫对能量代谢，免疫和免疫的联合作用。氨暴露48 h时南美白对虾的响应，抗氧化性和氨代谢。结果显示，所有实验组的肌肉中血淋巴中的葡萄糖水平增加，无氧代谢加快，乳酸水平更高。应激源的联合作用通过降低碱性磷酸酶（AKP）和酸性磷酸酶（ACP）的活性以及酚氧化酶（PO）的表达水平，免疫缺陷（IMD）降低了虾的非特异性免疫反应。），以及在暴露结束时产生精氨酸激酶（AK）基因。此外，南美白对虾通过总抗氧化能力（T-AOC），超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）酶以及热休克蛋白70（HSP70）和硫氧还蛋白（TRX）所采用的抗氧化防御系统当暴露于具有不同高盐分胁迫的氨氮中时，蛋白质受高盐度和氨氮的影响。此外，氨代谢相关基因谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的表达水平。）最初在高盐度治疗组的肝胰腺中显着上调，然后下降。该研究表明，高盐度和氨的变化超出最佳范围会显着影响糖代谢，非特异性免疫，抗氧化和氨代谢，并且这两个因素可能具有显着的协同作用。