Immune system is essential for host homeostasis. Immune cells communicate with each other by binding to receptors or by releasing vesicles including chemokines and cytokines. Under healthy circumstances, immune cell-derived factors are critical for cellular growth, division and function, whereas under conditions such as ageing and inflammatory states, they can aggravate pathologies and cause disease. Cell-derived membranous extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes involving ageing and age-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles are responsible for spreading detrimental factors to the surroundings and the propagation phase of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of extracellular vesicles is a putative target for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Moreover, their features are ideal for developing biomarkers and drug delivery systems modulated by bioengineering in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the current understanding of extracellular vesicles in ageing and inflammatory diseases.

中文翻译：

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衰老和免疫疾病中的细胞外囊泡和免疫系统。

免疫系统对于宿主体内稳态至关重要。免疫细胞通过与受体结合或释放包括趋化因子和细胞因子的囊泡而彼此通信。在健康的情况下，免疫细胞衍生的因子对于细胞的生长，分裂和功能至关重要，而在衰老和炎性状态等条件下，它们会加重病理并引起疾病。细胞来源的膜状细胞外囊泡介导细胞间的通讯，并参与涉及衰老和与年龄有关的疾病的各种生理和病理过程。细胞外囊泡负责将有害因素扩散到周围环境和炎性疾病的传播阶段。细胞外囊泡的调节是治疗炎性疾病的假定靶标。而且，它们的功能非常适合开发由生物工程技术在炎症性疾病中调节的生物标志物和药物递送系统。本综述总结了对衰老和炎性疾病中细胞外囊泡的当前理解。