Possible worlds semantics is an extremely well-established approach to the semantics of modals, but it faces a range of difficulties for at least certain types of modals, especially deontic modals with their distinction between heavy and light permissions and obligations. This paper outlines a new semantics of modals that aims to overcome some of those difficulties. This semantics is based on an a novel ontology of modal objects, entities like obligations, permissions, needs, epistemic states, abilities, and essences. Moreover, it is based on truthmaking, more precisely the notion of exact truthmaking, in the sense of Fine’s (2014, 2017a, to appear a, b) recent truthmaker semantics. Unlike in Fine’s truthmaker semantics, the notion of exact truthmaking (or satisfaction) is taken to apply not only to sentences, but also to modal objects. Thus, situations or actions may be (exact) truthmakers (or satisfiers) not only of sentences, but also of entities like obligations, permissions, and essences. I will call this object-based truthmaker semantics. Object-based truthmaker semantics applies particularly well to deontic modals, which this paper will focus on. But it is meant to apply to all modals, and it will be indicated how it can generalize. The paper will in particular suggest an application of object-based truthmaker semantics to metaphysical modality based on essences as modal objects. Object-based truthmaker semantics is based on a range of intuitions that are particularly well-reflected in natural language. First, modal objects as such are, at least to an extent, well-reflected in nominalizations of modal predicates such as need, permission, obligation. The semantic behavior of such nominalizations reflects the properties that characterize modal objects as a type of entity of its own distinct from more familiar types of entities such as propositions and states, most importantly the properties of having

中文翻译：

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用于模态的基于对象的 TRUTHMAKER 语义

可能世界语义是一种非常完善的模态语义方法，但至少对于某些类型的模态，尤其是道义模态，它们面临着一系列困难，因为它们区分了重许可和轻许可和义务。本文概述了一种新的模态语义，旨在克服其中的一些困难。这种语义基于模态对象、义务、许可、需求、认知状态、能力和本质等实体的新颖本体。此外，它是基于真理制造，更准确地说是精确真理制造的概念，在 Fine (2014, 2017a，出现 a, b) 最近的真理制造者语义的意义上。与 Fine 的真理制造者语义不同，精确真理制造（或满足）的概念不仅适用于句子，还适用于模态对象。因此，情境或行为不仅可以是句子的（确切的）真理制造者（或满足者），还可以是义务、许可和本质等实体。我将称之为基于对象的真理制造者语义。基于对象的truthmaker语义特别适用于道义模态，本文将重点关注。但它旨在适用于所有模态，并将指出它如何泛化。本文将特别建议将基于对象的真理制造者语义应用于基于作为模态对象的本质的形而上学模态。基于对象的真理制造者语义基于一系列直觉，这些直觉在自然语言中得到了很好的体现。首先，模态宾语至少在一定程度上很好地反映在模态谓词的名词化中，例如需要、许可、义务。