From microwave atomic clocks to light clocks, atomic or ionic clocks often rely on atom or ion trapping or manipulation technology. Trapping hydrogen (H) atoms in atomic storage bulbs (ASBs) is one of the key technologies of H atomic clocks. H atoms remain in an ASB for some time during which they undergo several relaxation processes (including spin-exchange collision relaxation, atom–wall collision relaxation, and magnetic-field inhomogeneity relaxation) and interact with the electromagnetic field within the resonant cavity in the TE₀₁₁ mode, giving rise to continuous atomic transitions and self-oscillations. In this study, an optimal atomic storage time T_b for a H maser was determined by optimizing various collisional relaxation times of the atomic ensemble and reducing the width of the atomic resonance line through the continuously adjustable length and radius of the opening of an ASB at various atomic beam intensities ξ (which is the number of atoms in the atomic beam), namely, 3 × 10¹² atoms/s, 4 × 10¹² atoms/s, and 5 × 10¹² atoms/s, while keeping the structural properties and physical conditions of the H maser unchanged. For ξ = 5 × 10¹² atoms/s and T_b ≈ 0.8 s, a frequency stability of 0.95 × 10⁻¹⁵ could be achieved at 1000 s.

中文翻译：

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活性氢微波激射器的原子俘获和原子存储时间的优化设计与验证

从微波原子钟到光钟，原子钟或离子钟经常依靠原子或离子捕获或操纵技术。将氢（H）原子捕获在原子存储灯泡（ASB）中是H原子钟的关键技术之一。H原子在ASB中保留一段时间，在此期间，H原子经历几个弛豫过程（包括自旋交换碰撞弛豫，原子-壁碰撞弛豫和磁场不均匀弛豫），并与TE谐振腔内的电磁场相互作用₀₁₁模式，产生连续的原子跃迁和自激振荡。在这项研究中，最佳原子存储时间T _b通过优化原子团的各种碰撞弛豫时间并通过在各种原子束强度ξ（即原子束中的3×10 ¹²原子/ s，4×10 ¹²原子/ s和5×10 ¹²原子/ s），同时保持H maser的结构特性和物理条件不变。为ξ = 5×10 ¹²原子/ S和Ť _b ≈0.8秒，为0.95×10的频率稳定性^-15可以在1000秒来实现。