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Smoking, hazardous drinking and individual differences in cost and gain discounting
Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ( IF 1.443 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-25 , DOI: 10.1177/1455072520985971
Torleif Halkjelsvik 1
Affiliation  

Aims:

Past research has linked substance use to individual differences in discounting of future rewards. Since behaviours such as smoking and excessive drinking appear to involve a devaluation of future negative consequences, discounting of costs may also be relevant in the understanding of such behaviour. The primary aims were to investigate the association between cost discounting and the behaviours smoking and hazardous drinking.

Methods:

In four studies, individuals recruited from the crowdsourcing marketplace Amazon Mechanical Turk responded to measures of discounting. Results were combined by meta-analysis of the standardised mean differences (d) between self-reported smokers and non-smokers, and between participants with AUDIT scores of 10+ (hazardous drinking) and those with scores below 10.

Results:

In comparison with non-smokers, smokers’ relative valuations of future gains were lower, d = –0.32, 95% CI [–0.47, –0.18]. There was no association between smoking and cost discounting, d = –0.02, 95% CI [–0.17, 0.13]. Participants with AUDIT scores of 10+ valued future gains somewhat lower than participants with scores below 10, d = –0.17, 95% CI [–0.35, 0.01]. There was no association between hazardous drinking and cost discounting, d = –0.02, 95% CI [–0.21, 0.16]. According to Bayes Factors (BF), the data supported an association between gain discounting and smoking (BF > 100). It was insensitive in the analysis of gain discounting and hazardous drinking (BF = 0.6), but it strongly supported null-effects in both analyses of cost discounting (BFs = 0.1).

Conclusion:

The results suggest that the robust link between gain discounting and smoking status does not reflect a general devaluation of future outcomes among smokers.



中文翻译:

吸烟、有害饮酒以及成本和收益折扣的个体差异

目标:

过去的研究已将物质使用与未来奖励折扣的个体差异联系起来。由于吸烟和过度饮酒等行为似乎涉及对未来负面后果的贬值,因此成本贴现也可能与理解此类行为有关。主要目的是调查成本折扣与吸烟和危险饮酒行为之间的关联。

方法:

在四项研究中,从众包市场 Amazon Mechanical Turk 招募的个人对折扣措施做出了回应。通过对自我报告的吸烟者和非吸烟者之间以及 AUDIT 评分为 10+(危险饮酒)和评分低于 10 的参与者之间的标准化平均差异 ( d )的荟萃分析合并结果。

结果:

与非吸烟者相比,吸烟者对未来收益的相对估值较低,d = –0.32, 95% CI [–0.47, –0.18]。吸烟与成本折扣之间没有关联,d = –0.02, 95% CI [–0.17, 0.13]。AUDIT 得分为 10+ 的参与者认为未来收益略低于得分低于 10 的参与者,d = –0.17, 95% CI [–0.35, 0.01]。危险饮酒与成本折扣之间没有关联,d= –0.02, 95% CI [–0.21, 0.16]。根据贝叶斯因子 (BF),数据支持增益折扣和吸烟之间的关联 (BF > 100)。它在收益折扣和危险饮酒的分析中不敏感(BF = 0.6),但它强烈支持两种成本折扣分析中的无效效应(BF = 0.1)。

结论:

结果表明,增益折扣和吸烟状况之间的密切联系并不反映吸烟者对未来结果的普遍贬值。

更新日期:2021-02-26
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