Toxic baiting of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) is a potential new tool for population control and damage reduction in the United States. Use of toxic bait sites by non‐target species is concerning because of the risks posed from exposure to a toxic bait. A 2018 field trial in northern Texas, USA, examining the efficacy of a prototype toxic bait (HOGGONE®, containing 10% sodium nitrite) revealed unexpected hazards to non‐target species, primarily passerine birds, from consuming toxic bait spilled outside of bait stations by wild pigs. The hazards jeopardize the ability to register HOGGONE as a tool for controlling wild pigs. We conducted a post hoc analysis from that 2018 trial to identify how daily and landscape factors influenced the use of bait sites by non‐target species, and subsequent hazards from consuming the toxic bait. We discovered that no single strategy can eliminate visitations by all non‐target species, but offering the toxic bait at night, in wild‐pig specific bait stations, and in more homogeneous landscapes appeared to be the best strategy for minimizing visits by passerine birds. We also found that use of bait sites by wild pigs were temporally clustered, and more pigs visited bait sites along linear features of the landscape (e.g., agricultural edges or riparian corridors). We recommend a baiting strategy where applicators do not place bait stations directly at sites where remnant particles of grain (from prebaiting) are available on the ground. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

中文翻译：

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物种到野生猪有毒诱饵场所的日常和景观影响。

在美国，有毒的野猪诱饵（Sus scrofa）是潜在的新工具，可用于控制种群和减少危害。非目标物种使用有毒诱饵的场所令人担忧，因为暴露于有毒诱饵会带来风险。一项2018年在美国得克萨斯州北部进行的田间试验对一种有毒毒饵原型（HOGGONE®，含有10％的亚硝酸钠）的功效进行了研究，结果表明，食用掉在毒饵站外溢出的有毒饵料会对非目标物种（主要是雀形目鸟类）产生意料之外的危害由野猪。这些危害损害了将HOGGONE注册为控制野猪的工具的能力。我们进行了事后该2018年试验的分析结果，以确定日常和景观因素如何影响非目标物种对诱饵场所的使用以及食用有毒诱饵的后续危害。我们发现，没有一种单一的策略可以消除所有非目标物种的造访，但是在夜间，特定于野猪的诱饵站以及更均匀的景观中提供有毒诱饵似乎是减少雀形目鸟类造访的最佳策略。我们还发现野猪对诱饵的利用在时间上是成簇的，并且更多的猪沿着景观的线性特征（例如，农业边缘或河岸走廊）参观了诱饵。我们建议采用诱饵策略，在这种策略中，施药者不要将诱饵站直接放置在地面上有残留谷物（来自诱饵）的地方。2021年出版