The occurrence of antibacterial agents has received increasing concern due to their possible threats to human health. However, the effects of antibacterial residues on the evolution and dynamics between bacteria and bacteriophages in wastewater treatment systems have seldom been researched. Especially for phages, little is known about their response to antimicrobial exposure. In this study, two identical anoxic-aerobic wastewater treatment systems were established to evaluate the responses of bacterial and phage communities to long-term exposure to antimicrobial agents. The results indicated simultaneous exposure to combined antimicrobials significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the abundance of phages and bacteria. Metagenomic sequencing analysis indicated the community of bacteria and phages changed greatly at the genus level due to combined antibacterial exposure. Additionally, long-term exposure to antimicrobial agents promoted the attachment of receptor-binding protein genes to Klebsiella, Escherichia and Salmonella (which were all members of Enterobacteriaceae). Compared to that in the control system, the numbers of receptor-binding protein genes on their possible phages (such as Lambdalikevirus and P2likevirus) were also obviously higher when the microorganisms were exposed to antimicrobials. The results are helpful to understanding the microbial communities and tracking the relationship of phage-bacterial host systems, especially under the pressure of antimicrobial exposure.

由于抗菌剂可能对人体健康构成威胁，因此它们的出现引起了越来越多的关注。然而，很少研究抗菌残留物对废水处理系统中细菌与噬菌体之间进化和动力学的影响。尤其是对于噬菌体，对其抗微生物暴露的反应知之甚少。在这项研究中，建立了两个相同的缺氧-好氧废水处理系统，以评估细菌和噬菌体群落对长期暴露于抗菌剂的反应。结果表明，同时暴露于联合抗菌药物可显着抑制（p <0.05）噬菌体和细菌的丰度。元基因组测序分析表明，由于联合的抗菌暴露，细菌和噬菌体的群落在属水平上发生了很大变化。此外，长期暴露于抗菌剂会促进受体结合蛋白基因与细菌的结合。克雷伯菌，大肠埃希菌和沙门氏菌（均为肠杆菌科成员）。与对照系​​统相比，当微生物暴露于抗微生物剂时，它们可能的噬菌体上的受体结合蛋白基因（如λ病毒和P2病毒）的数量也明显增加。这些结果有助于理解微生物群落，并跟踪噬菌体与细菌宿主系统的关系，尤其是在暴露于抗菌剂的压力下。