• Key message

The browsing level of oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur) and fir (Abies alba) provided only a rough estimate of the expected regeneration success. Thus, it cannot be recommended as a standard measurement to predict forest development, unless the number of saplings and the height of those saplings are considered.

• Context

Browsing by large herbivores may affect regeneration success and forest development, with an impact that lasts for decades.

• Aims

Whether the browsing level of a tree species can be used in forestry as a standard measure to assess whether the target values (for instance regeneration success) of highly selected tree species, such as oak (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Quercus robur (L.)) and fir (Abies alba (Mill.)), will be reached is unclear and need specification.

• Methods

In this study, 985 sampling plots (10 m²) in Southern Germany (Baden-Württemberg) containing browsed and unbrowsed oak and fir-saplings were analysed. Both the browsing level and a measure of the expected regeneration success that considered not only the sapling density but also different height classes (≤ 20 cm; 21–50 cm; 51–130 cm) were calculated.

• Results

The use of the browsing level as a proxy for the expected regeneration success was statistically only partly justified. For fir the relationship between browsing level and expected regeneration success became even weaker for a new indicator variable which considers two height classes rather than one class for saplings exceeding 50 cm (51–80 cm and 81–130 cm).

• Conclusion

According to these results, the browsing level cannot be recommended as a standard measurement and/or predictor of damage, unless the number of saplings and the height of those saplings are considered. Thus, in efforts to mitigate conflicts between foresters and hunters, a measurement is needed that addresses the successful establishment of a sufficient number of trees despite browsing, rather than the browsing of trees alone.

中文翻译：

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未浏览树苗的数量和高度比浏览树苗的比例更适合预测造林成功

• 关键信息

橡树（栎属（Peerea）和栎属（Quercus robur））和冷杉（Abies alba）的浏览水平仅提供了预期再生成功的粗略估计。因此，除非考虑到幼树的数量和幼树的高度，否则就不建议将其作为预测森林发展的标准方法。

• 上下文

大型草食动物的浏览可能影响再生成功和森林发展，其影响持续数十年。

• 目的

树种的浏览水平是否可以在林业中用作评估是否高度选择的树种的目标值（例如，再生成功）的标准值，例如橡树（栎木（Mattuschka）Liebl。，栎木（L.））和冷杉（Abies alba（密尔）），是否达到尚不清楚，需要说明。

• 方法

在这项研究中，分析了德国南部（巴登-符腾堡州）的985个采样区（10 m ²），其中包含已浏览和未浏览的橡树和冷杉树苗。计算了浏览水平和预期的再生成功程度，不仅考虑了树苗密度，还考虑了不同的身高等级（≤20 cm； 21–50 cm； 51–130 cm）。

• 结果

使用浏览级别作为预期的再生成功的代理在统计上仅是部分合理的。对于杉木，对于新的指标变量，浏览水平与预期的再生成功之间的关系变得更弱，该指标变量考虑了两个身高等级，而不是超过50厘米（51-80厘米和81-130厘米）的幼树的一个身高等级。

• 结论

根据这些结果，除非考虑到树苗的数量和树苗的高度，否则不能建议将浏览级别推荐为损害的标准度量和/或预测指标。因此，在减轻森林工人和猎人之间的冲突的努力中，需要一种措施，该措施解决了尽管浏览而不是仅浏览树却成功建立了足够数量的树的问题。