:During the last twenty years, several writers have drawn attention to the role played by friendly societies and other mutual-aid organizations in the development of Britain’s welfare state. Proponents of mutual aid have argued that these organizations were part of the rich associational culture of working-class life; that they represented a viable alternative to state welfare; and that they were eventually undermined by it. However, this article highlights the challenges that these organizations were already facing toward the end of the nineteenth century as a result of changes in working-class culture and the rise of more commercial insurance agencies. It suggests that the rise of state welfare was not so much a cause of these difficulties as a response to them. It also examines the role that friendly societies played in the expansion of welfare services after 1914 and their attitude to calls for further expansion before 1945.

中文翻译：

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其他方式的社会政策？互助与十九、二十世纪英国现代福利国家的起源

: 在过去的 20 年里，有几位作家关注友好社会和其他互助组织在英国福利国家发展中所起的作用。互助的支持者认为，这些组织是工人阶级生活丰富的协会文化的一部分。它们代表了国家福利的可行替代方案；他们最终被它破坏了。然而，本文强调了这些组织在 19 世纪末由于工人阶级文化的变化和更多商业保险机构的兴起而已经面临的挑战。它表明，国家福利的增加与其说是造成这些困难的原因，不如说是对这些困难的回应。