The question of how onlookers make sense of acts they witness between an actor and a recipient of the action, and how the group memberships of the three inform outcomes, is of clear relevance to intergroup research on contact, collective action, and beyond. However, most intergroup research to date has focused on dyadic relationships rather than triadic relationships with an observer, an actor, and a recipient of behavior. Maybe because of the dominance of the dyadic approach, the design implications of focusing on triadic (rather than dyadic) relationships have not always been fully appreciated, leading to the introduction of confounds. This contribution will refer to some previously published studies to illustrate this, and outline recommendations for the study of triadic intergroup relationships in the future.

中文翻译：

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三元组群际关系：与观察者，演员和行为接受者一起研究情况

旁观者如何看待他们在行为者和行为的接受者之间所看到的行为，以及这三个群体的成员如何告知结果这一问题与小组间关于联系，集体行为及其他方面的研究有着明显的联系。但是，迄今为止，大多数小组间研究都集中于与观察者，演员和行为接受者的二元关系，而不是三元关系。也许由于二进位方式的优势，关注三元（而不是二元）关系的设计含义并没有总是得到人们的充分理解，从而导致了混淆。该贡献将参考一些先前发表的研究来说明这一点，并概述未来研究三元组群间关系的建议。