The parallel universe of cyberspace, created by computer networks, ones, and zeros, has changed the rules of the game. It would be inevitable for crisis management research to remain unaffected by the new challenges arising. The present article delves into the underexplored concept of cyber crises, by initiating an academic problematization of crisis conceptualization. Drawing from transboundary crisis management theory, it examines two major cyberattacks, the 2017 WannaCry ransomware attack and the 2016 hacking of the DNC, and explores an empirical puzzle: why are these cases not characterized as crises even though they fit already existing definitions? The article contributes to the theory of transboundary crises by shedding light on previously overlooked cyber crisis characteristics and attempting to propose a definition of cyber crises. The way we perceive crises has a direct impact on how we manage them. Broadening the research agenda and understanding the concept of a cyber crisis could pave the way for a more effective and proactive response to new threats, which is what the following pages attempt to demonstrate.

中文翻译：

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超越一对一：将网络危机概念化

由计算机网络，一和零创建的并行网络空间已经改变了游戏规则。危机管理研究将不可避免地不受新挑战的影响。本文通过对危机概念化进行学术上的问题化研究，深入探讨了尚未充分开发的网络危机概念。它从跨界危机管理理论出发，研究了两种主要的网络攻击，即2017年WannaCry勒索软件攻击和2016年DNC黑客攻击，并探索了一个经验谜题：即使这些案例符合已经存在的定义，为什么还没有将它们描述为危机呢？本文通过阐明以前被忽视的网络危机特征并试图提出网络危机的定义，为跨界危机理论做出了贡献。我们对危机的看法直接影响着我们如何处理危机。扩大研究议程并了解网络危机的概念可以为更有效，更主动地应对新威胁铺平道路，这是以下几页试图证明的。