Crowdsourcing serves as a distributed problem-solving production model for modern governments, and it has the potential to transform citizens into coproducers of public services. To consolidate the theoretical basis, this article provides a typology for crowdsourcing public services based on theories of coproduction, public sector volunteerism, and government–citizen relations. This typology includes two dimensions—the policy stage, and the functionality of citizens' effort—and four types of crowdsourcing, namely, complementary crowdsourcing in service implementation, supplementary crowdsourcing in service implementation, complementary crowdsourcing in policy and service design, and supplementary crowdsourcing in policy design. Four cases are selected for illustration. Designing crowdsourcing based on citizen and government relationships will help designers align goals and tasks to the right coproducers and enhance relationships in a democratic way. Furthermore, this typology will allow the field to systematically and collectively build knowledge.

中文翻译：

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众包：公民作为公共服务的共同生产者

众包是现代政府解决问题的分布式生产模式，它有可能将公民转变为公共服务的联合生产者。为巩固理论基础，本文基于合作生产、公共部门志愿服务和政府-公民关系理论提供了众包公共服务的类型学。这种类型包括政策阶段和公民努力的功能两个维度，以及四种类型的众包，即服务实施中的补充众包、服务实施中的补充众包、政策和服务设计中的补充众包以及服务实施中的补充众包。政策设计。选择四个案例进行说明。基于公民和政府关系设计众包将帮助设计师将目标和任务与合适的联合制作人对齐，并以民主的方式加强关系。此外，这种类型将允许该领域系统地和集体地建立知识。