This study employed a combination of linear and nonlinear models to investigate the energy–growth nexus of OPEC member countries from 1960 to 2018 in a country‐specific form. It questioned the environmental friendliness of the energy initiatives of OPEC member countries as major producers and exporters of crude oil. Primary evidence of the study shows energy dependence among OPEC member countries supporting the growth hypothesis. We also found complementarity in fossil fuel and renewables as inducers of growth in 70% of the studied countries and found greater growth influence of fossil fuel in the case of 16% of the studied countries. In a country like Congo, we found greater influence from renewable energy, while Gabon's status was indeterminate. The dynamic profile of the energy–growth nexus evidenced by the error correction representations in their linear and asymmetric forms shows that growth adjusts nonlinearly to energy use in about 39% of the investigated OPEC member countries, and linearly in 61% of the countries. It can be said from our findings that global initiatives on green energy are gaining grounds in a preponderance of OPEC member countries.

中文翻译：

---

欧佩克成员国中的绿色或天然气：能源－增长关系的线性和不对称研究

这项研究采用线性和非线性模型相结合的方法，以特定国家的形式研究了欧佩克成员国在1960年至2018年间的能源－增长关系。它对作为主要原油生产国和出口国的欧佩克成员国能源倡议的环境友好性提出了质疑。该研究的主要证据表明，OPEC成员国之间的能源依赖关系支持了增长假说。我们还发现，在70％的被研究国家中，化石燃料和可再生能源的互补性是增长的诱因，而在16％的被研究国家中，化石燃料的增长影响更大。在刚果这样的国家，我们发现可再生能源的影响更大，而加蓬的地位却不确定。误差以线性和不对称形式的误差校正表示所证明的能源-增长联系的动态情况表明，在约39％的欧佩克成员国中，能源使用量的增长呈非线性调整，而在61％的国家中，线性地根据能源使用情况进行了线性调整。从我们的调查结果可以说，全球绿色能源倡议在欧佩克成员国中占了上风。