Six years have passed since Arab masses in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen revolted against oppressive, corrupt, and autocratic regimes. These and lesser revolts in Morocco and Jordan — as well as muted ones in the oil producing Gulf States — shared common goals and themes: justice, dignity, economic, political, and social reforms (el‐Gingihy, 2017). The revolutionaries wanted to end government bloating and oppressive bureaucracies; and political and massive public corruption by the ruling classes; and instead, involve citizens in the participation in governance and policymaking. The oil‐rich countries were quick to shower their nationals with salary bonuses and more generous subsidies. The poorer Arab countries were quick to unleash their violent security forces on the masses in order to quell the uprisings using brute military force, including using poison gas in Syria, and operating mass killings of demonstrators at Rab‘a Square in Cairo, Egypt. With the exception of Tunisia, the rest of the Arab countries reverted to oppressive regimes, or civil war chaos, as was the case in Libya and Yemen. The United States, which hailed the Arab uprisings during the reign of the Obama Administration, has changed course under the isolationist Trump Administration, which looks upon all Arabs and Muslim people and nations as potential supporters of what the current administration labels as Muslim terrorism. Along with an analysis of events in the region, this article also reviews the most recent books published which deal with the Arab revolts, and which include what lies ahead for the Arab world under the new rulers who replaced old regimes. It will also analyze the Arab countries’ response to a Trump Administration that seems to adopt political isolationism, while at the same time, showing an obvious inclination for personal and national business involvement in the region, such as the recent opening of a Trump golf course in the United Arab Emirates, and the appointment of former MOBIL CEO Executive Rex Tillerson, who has strong business ties with Russia and the oil‐producing Gulf States.

中文翻译：

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中东寻求改革的兴衰，2011–2017年

自突尼斯，埃及，利比亚，叙利亚，巴林和也门的阿拉伯人民起义反对压迫，腐败和专制政权以来，已经过去了六年。摩洛哥和约旦的起义和较少的起义，以及产油的海湾国家中的起义较少，共有共同的目标和主题：正义，尊严，经济，政治和社会改革（el-Gingihy，2017年））。革命者想结束政府膨胀和压迫性的官僚机构。统治阶级的政治和大规模公共腐败；而是让公民参与治理和政策制定。石油资源丰富的国家迅速向其国民发放了工资奖金和更慷慨的补贴。较贫穷的阿拉伯国家迅速向群众释放了他们的暴力安全部队，以利用包括叙利亚境内的毒气在内的暴力军事力量镇压起义，并在埃及开罗的拉巴广场大规模屠杀示威者。除突尼斯外，其余阿拉伯国家都恢复了压迫性政权或内战混乱，就像利比亚和也门一样。美国赞扬了奥巴马政府统治期间的阿拉伯起义，在孤立主义特朗普政府的领导下改变了路线，该政府将所有阿拉伯人，穆斯林人民和国家视为当前政府称之为穆斯林恐怖主义的潜在支持者。除了对该地区的事件进行分析之外，本文还回顾了有关阿拉伯起义的最新书籍，其中包括取代旧政权的新统治者对阿拉伯世界的前景。它还将分析阿拉伯国家对似乎采取政治孤立主义的特朗普政府的回应，与此同时，显示出该地区个人和国家企业参与的明显倾向，例如最近开设的特朗普高尔夫球场在阿拉伯联合酋长国，并任命了摩比尔（MOBIL）前首席执行官执行长雷克斯·蒂勒森（Rex Tillerson），