Radioluminescent nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in the past decade due to their potential to perform X-ray mediated photodynamic therapy (X-PDT). Many of these materials are assumed to produce singlet oxygen based on a single assay. Herein we demonstrate that multiple assays are required to confidently determine whether singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species are being produced through type I or type II PDT mechanisms. Rose Bengal and Merocyanine 540 photosensitizers were loaded into mesoporous silica-coated NaLuF₄:Dy³⁺,Gd³⁺ nanoparticles and the combination of ABDA, DPBF, and NaN₃ assays along with electron paramagnetic resonance were employed to determine that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were exclusively produced from this system under X-ray excitation. Knowledge of the correct PDT mechanism is crucial for informing what types of disease may be best suited for treatment using PDT nanosystems.

中文翻译：

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研究负载玫瑰红和部花青 540 的放射发光纳米颗粒的活性氧产生

放射发光纳米材料由于其执行 X 射线介导的光动力疗法 (X-PDT) 的潜力，在过去十年中引起了极大的关注。根据单次测定，许多这些材料被认为会产生单线态氧。在此，我们证明需要进行多次测定才能自信地确定单线态氧或其他活性氧是否是通过 I 型或 II 型 PDT 机制产生的。将玫瑰红和部花青 540 光敏剂负载到介孔二氧化硅涂覆的 NaLuF ₄ :Dy ³⁺ ,Gd ³⁺纳米粒子中，并采用 ABDA、DPBF 和 NaN ₃分析与电子顺磁共振的组合来确定超氧化物和羟基自由基是在 X 射线激发下由该系统专门生产的。了解正确的 PDT 机制对于了解哪些类型的疾病最适合使用 PDT 纳米系统进行治疗至关重要。