Traditional power system frequency dynamics are driven by Newtonian physics, where a synchronous generator (SG), the historical primary source of power, follows a deceleration frequency trajectory upon power imbalances according to the swing equation. Subsequent to a disturbance, an SG will modify pre-converter, mechanical power as a function of frequency; these are reactive, second order devices. The integration of renewable energies is primarily accomplished with inverters that convert DC power into AC power, and which hitherto have employed grid-following control strategies that require other devices, typically SGs, to establish a voltage waveform and elicit power imbalance frequency dynamics. A 100\% integration of this particular control strategy is untenable and attention has recently shifted to grid-forming (GFM) control, where the inverter directly regulates frequency; direct frequency control implies that a GFM can serve power proactively by simply not changing frequency. With analysis and electromagnetic transient domain simulations, it is shown that GFM pre-converter power has a first order relation to electrical power as compared to SGs. It is shown that the traditional frequency dynamics are dramatically altered with GFM control, and traditional second-order frequency trajectories transition to first-order, with an accompanying decoupling of the nadir and rate of change of frequency.

中文翻译：

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带有电网成形逆变器的频率动力学：一种新的稳定性范例

传统的电力系统频率动力学是由牛顿物理学来驱动的，同步发电机（SG）是历史上主要的电力来源，根据功率波动，根据摆动方程遵循减速频率轨迹。在受到干扰之后，SG将根据频率来改变预转换器的机械功率；这些是反应性的二阶设备。可再生能源的集成主要是通过将直流电转换为交流电的逆变器来完成的，迄今为止，逆变器已经采用了电网跟踪控制策略，该策略要求其他设备（通常是SG）来建立电压波形并引起功率不平衡频率动态。这种特定控制策略的100％集成是站不住脚的，最近注意力已转移到网格形成（GFM）控制上，变频器直接调节频率的地方；直接频率控制意味着GFM可以通过简单地不改变频率来主动供电。通过分析和电磁瞬态域仿真，表明与SGs相比，GFM预转换器功率与电功率具有一阶关系。结果表明，通过GFM控制，传统的频率动力学发生了巨大变化，传统的二阶频率轨迹转变为一阶，同时伴随着最低点和频率变化率的解耦。结果表明，与SG相比，GFM的预转换器功率与电功率具有一阶关系。结果表明，通过GFM控制，传统的频率动力学发生了巨大变化，传统的二阶频率轨迹转变为一阶，同时伴随着最低点和频率变化率的解耦。结果表明，与SG相比，GFM的预转换器功率与电功率具有一阶关系。结果表明，通过GFM控制，传统的频率动力学发生了巨大变化，传统的二阶频率轨迹转变为一阶，同时伴随着最低点和频率变化率的解耦。