ABSTRACT

With self-driving vehicles (SDVs), pedestrians lose the possibility of making eye contact with an attentive driver. This study investigated whether an external human-machine interface (eHMI) displaying the automated driving mode (a. without eHMI vs. b. with eHMI) affects how pedestrians respond to different driver’s states: (1) attentive driver, (2) tinted windshield, (3) distracted driver (within-subject design). At a test site, N = 65 pedestrians crossed a pedestrian crossing while a Wizard-of-Oz SDV approached. We assessed perceived safety and crossing onset times after each trial. Findings reveal that without an eHMI, pedestrians felt significantly less safe if the windshield was tinted or the driver was distracted as compared to an attentive driver. With an eHMI, pedestrians did not differ in perceived safety with regard to the driver’s state. We observed no significant differences in pedestrians’ crossing onset times. We conclude that an eHMI helps pedestrians to not consider the driver’s state.

摘要

有了自动驾驶汽车 (SDV)，行人就无法与细心的司机进行眼神交流。本研究调查了显示自动驾驶模式的外部人机界面 (eHMI)（a. 没有 eHMI 与 b. 有 eHMI）是否会影响行人对不同驾驶员状态的反应：（1）细心的驾驶员，（2）有色挡风玻璃, (3) 分心的司机（被试内设计）。在测试站点，N= 65 名行人穿过人行横道，而绿野仙踪 SDV 正在靠近。我们在每次试验后评估了感知安全性和穿越开始时间。调查结果显示，如果没有 eHMI，与专心的驾驶员相比，如果挡风玻璃有色或驾驶员分心，行人的安全感会明显降低。使用 eHMI，行人在感知安全性方面与驾驶员状态没有区别。我们观察到行人过马路开始时间没有显着差异。我们得出结论，eHMI 有助于行人不考虑驾驶员的状态。