Abstract

Rapid growth in population, industry, urbanization and intensive agriculture have led to soil and water pollution by various contaminants. Nanoremediation has become one of the most successful emerging technologies for cleaning up soil and water contaminants due to the high reactivity of nanomaterials (NMs). Numerous publications are available on the use of NMs for removing contaminants, and the efficiencies are often improved by modifications of NMs with polymers, clay minerals, zeolites, activated carbon, and biochar. This paper critically reviews the current state-of-the-art NMs used for sustainable soil and water remediation, focusing on their applications in novel remedial approaches, such as adsorption/filtration, catalysis, photodegradation, electro-nanoremediation, and nano-bioremediation. Insights into process performances, modes of deployment, potential environmental risks and their management, and the consequent societal and economic implications of using NMs for soil and water remediation indicate that widespread acceptance of nanoremediation technologies requires not only a substantial advancement of the underpinning science and engineering aspects themselves, but also practical demonstrations of the effectiveness of already recognized approaches at real world in-situ conditions. New research involving green nanotechnology, nano-bioremediation, electro-nanoremediation, risk assessment of NMs, and outreach activities are needed to achieve successful applications of nanoremediation at regional and global scales.

摘要

人口、工业、城市化和集约化农业的快速增长导致各种污染物对土壤和水的污染。由于纳米材料 (NM) 的高反应性，纳米修复已成为清除土壤和水污染物最成功的新兴技术之一。有许多关于使用 NM 去除污染物的出版物，并且通常通过用聚合物、粘土矿物、沸石、活性炭和生物炭对 NM 进行改性来提高效率。本文批判性地回顾了当前用于可持续土壤和水修复的最先进的 NM，重点介绍了它们在吸附/过滤、催化、光降解、电纳米修复和纳米生物修复等新型修复方法中的应用。洞察过程性能，现场条件。需要涉及绿色纳米技术、纳米生物修复、电纳米修复、NM 风险评估和外展活动的新研究，以实现纳米修复在区域和全球范围内的成功应用。