This essay is about the contribution that typing manuals and typists have made to the history of graphic language and communication design, and the role that typewriter composition has played in typographic education and design practice, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. The limited technical capabilities of typewriters are discussed in relation to the rules in typing manuals for articulating and organising the structure of text. Such manuals were used to train typists who went on to produce documents of considerable complexity within what typographers would consider to be minimal means in terms of flexibility in the use of letterforms and space.

中文翻译：

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现代性、方法和最小手段：打字机、打字手册和文档设计

这篇文章是关于打字手册和打字员对图形语言和通信设计历史的贡献，以及打字机作文在印刷教育和设计实践中所扮演的角色，特别是在 1960 年代和 1970 年代。打字机有限的技术能力是根据打字手册中用于阐明和组织文本结构的规则来讨论的。这些手册被用来培训打字员，他们继续制作相当复杂的文档，而在使用字体和空间的灵活性方面，打字员认为这是最小的手段。