People with disabilities face a dilemma in dealing with patronizing help: Although accepting unsolicited assistance can incur psychological costs, confronting the helper has been shown to incur interpersonal penalties. The present research explored whether the consequences of confronting patronizing help vary across target gender and disability type. A vignette paradigm introduced participants to various interactions between adults with and without disabilities. Study 1 (N = 137) showed that, when blind targets confronted help that was clearly patronizing, they were rated as ruder and less warm after (vs. before) confronting regardless of their gender. Study 2 (N = 368) showed that, although both blind and wheelchair-using targets were rated as less warm and ruder after (vs. before) confronting, blind targets were penalized more, and patronizing behavior toward blind targets was perceived as more appropriate. These results highlight the importance of considering intersectionality and cross-disability heterogeneity when examining the multifaceted experience of ableism.

中文翻译：

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面对为残疾人提供赞助帮助的后果：目标性别和残疾类型重要吗？

残疾人在处理光顾帮助时面临两难境地：尽管接受未经请求的帮助会产生心理成本，但与帮助者面对面已被证明会招致人际交往的惩罚。本研究探讨了面对光顾帮助的后果是否因目标性别和残疾类型而异。小插图范式向参与者介绍了有残疾和没有残疾的成年人之间的各种互动。研究 1 (N = 137) 表明，当盲人目标面临明显居高临下的帮助时，无论其性别如何，他们在面对之后（与之前相比）都被评为更粗鲁和不那么热情。研究 2 (N = 368) 表明，尽管盲人和使用轮椅的目标在面对后（与之前相比）都被认为不那么热情和粗鲁，但盲人目标受到的惩罚更多，对盲目目标的光顾行为被认为更合适。这些结果强调了在检查残疾的多方面经验时考虑交叉性和交叉残疾异质性的重要性。