Pavlovian conditioning is a form of associative learning shown to contribute to the development and reduction of clinical anxiety and fear, and more recently, intergroup anxiety and fear. The current review provides a synthesis of the literature on associative learning of fear toward outgroups. Findings are reviewed that outline how fear toward the outgroup, relative to the ingroup, can be preferentially learnt and is resistant to extinction‐based techniques. Novel future research directions for intergroup anxiety are then identified based upon previous research on clinical anxiety. It is proposed that processes known to enhance the extinction of specific phobia should be investigated with social stimuli. Specifically, it is argued that exploring cognitive factors during extinction and conducting extinction in multiple contexts may provide new avenues to pursue intergroup harmony through reduced intergroup anxiety. The review concludes by suggesting innovative research designs are needed to validate an associative learning account of fear toward outgroups outside of experimental settings.

中文翻译：

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学会恐惧团体外人：针对团体间焦虑症的发展和减少的联想学习解释

巴甫洛夫式调理是一种联想学习的形式，被证明有助于临床焦虑和恐惧的发展和减少，最近，它又促进了群体间的焦虑和恐惧。当前的综述提供了关于对群体的恐惧的联想学习的文献综述。本文对研究结果进行了概述，概述了如何优先学习对外群（相对于内群）的恐惧，以及如何抵抗基于灭绝的技术。然后，基于先前对临床焦虑的研究，确定了针对群体间焦虑的新的未来研究方向。提出应该通过社会刺激来研究已知的增强特定恐惧症的灭绝的过程。具体来说，有人认为，在灭绝过程中探索认知因素并在多种情况下进行灭绝可能会提供新的途径，以通过减少群体间的焦虑来追求群体间的和谐。审查的结论是建议需要创新的研究设计来验证对实验环境之外的群体的恐惧的联想学习方法。