Is science culturally determined? If so, in what aspects and how? Using evidence from three studies of German and Israeli science, this paper shows that the contexts of scientific discovery in those countries are highly distinct. Respondents from each study embraced a universalist position by holding the belief that ‘science is science,’ suggesting that they share similar understandings about the context of scientific justification. However, respondents also agreed that the deep cultural codes of hierarchy (in Germany) and symmetry (in Israel) constitute the actual contexts of scientific discovery on utterly different trajectories. Specifically, they claimed that deep cultural codes determine the organization of labs; that they set the ground rules for the relations between senior and junior scientists; that they determine concrete research practices; and that they even constitute intellectual styles. By adding ‘national culture’ as an important factor in science studies, this paper suggests that it is the task of science and technology studies to employ broader approaches of cultural analysis. Such approaches would bring to light national particularities in socialization towards the universal Temple of Science; they also would facilitate greater appreciation for the multiple cultural ways of doing science.

中文翻译：

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德国和以色列科学中的等级与对称性

科学是由文化决定的吗？如果是，在哪些方面以及如何？本文使用来自德国和以色列科学的三项研究的证据表明，这些国家的科学发现背景非常不同。每项研究的受访者都持有“科学就是科学”的信念，接受了普遍主义的立场，这表明他们对科学论证的背景有着相似的理解。然而，受访者也同意，等级制度（在德国）和对称（在以色列）的深层文化代码构成了科学发现完全不同轨迹的实际背景。具体来说，他们声称深厚的文化代码决定了实验室的组织；他们为高级和初级科学家之间的关系制定了基本规则；他们决定具体的研究实践；它们甚至构成了知识分子的风格。通过将“民族文化”作为科学研究的一个重要因素，本文表明科学技术研究的任务是采用更广泛的文化分析方法。这种方法将揭示国家在走向普世科学圣殿的社会化过程中的特殊性；它们还将促进对从事科学的多种文化方式的更多了解。这种方法将揭示国家在走向普世科学圣殿的社会化过程中的特殊性；它们还将促进对从事科学的多种文化方式的更多了解。这种方法将揭示国家在走向普世科学圣殿的社会化过程中的特殊性；它们还将促进对从事科学的多种文化方式的更多了解。