The Lutheran Reformation transformed not only theology and the Church but also law and the State. Despite his early rebuke of law in favour of the gospel, Martin Luther eventually joined up with various jurists and political leaders to craft ambitious legal reforms of Church, State and society on the strength of his new theology, particularly his new two-kingdoms theory. These legal reforms were defined and defended in hundreds of monographs, pamphlets and sermons published by Lutheran writers from the 1520s onwards. They were refined and routinised in equally large numbers of new Reformation ordinances that brought fundamental changes to theology and law, Church and State, marriage and family, criminal law and procedure, and education and charity. Critics have long treated this legal phase of the Reformation as a corruption of Luther's original message of Christian freedom from the strictures of all human laws and traditions. But Luther ultimately realised that he needed the law to stabilise and enforce the new Protestant teachings. Radical theological reforms had made possible fundamental legal reforms, which, in turn, would make those theological reforms palpable. In the course of the 1530s and thereafter, the Lutheran Reformation became in its essence both a theological and a legal reform movement. It struck new balances between law and gospel, rule and equity, order and faith, and structure and spirit.

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从福音到法律：路德宗教改革及其对法律文化的影响

路德宗教改革不仅改变了神学和教会，也改变了法律和国家。尽管马丁路德早期斥责法律支持福音，但他最终与多位法学家和政治领袖一起，凭借他的新神学，特别是他的新两国理论，对教会、国家和社会进行了雄心勃勃的法律改革。从 1520 年代起，路德会作家出版的数百本专着、小册子和布道对这些法律改革进行了定义和辩护。它们在同样大量的新宗教改革条例中得到完善和常规化，为神学和法律、教会和国家、婚姻和家庭、刑法和程序、教育和慈善事业带来了根本性的变化。长期以来，批评者一直将宗教改革的这一法律阶段视为对路德的腐败 基督教从所有人类法律和传统的限制中解放出来的原始信息。但路德最终意识到他需要法律来稳定和执行新教的新教义。激进的神学改革使根本的法律改革成为可能，而这反过来又会使这些神学改革变得显而易见。在 1530 年代及之后的过程中，路德宗教改革从本质上变成了一场神学和法律改革运动。它在法律与福音、规则与公平、秩序与信仰、结构与精神之间取得了新的平衡。反过来，也会使这些神学改革变得触手可及。在 1530 年代及之后的过程中，路德宗教改革从本质上变成了一场神学和法律改革运动。它在法律与福音、规则与公平、秩序与信仰、结构与精神之间取得了新的平衡。反过来，也会使这些神学改革变得触手可及。在 1530 年代及之后的过程中，路德宗教改革从本质上变成了一场神学和法律改革运动。它在法律与福音、规则与公平、秩序与信仰、结构与精神之间取得了新的平衡。