The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller), is a serious invasive pest that causes significant losses to the flowers and fruits of grapes in most of the world. This multivoltine pest passes the winter as the third-generation diapausing pupa. The current study was designed to compare nondiapausing (first and second generations) and diapausing pupae (third generation) and to investigate the relationship among cold tolerance, the supercooling point (SCP), and diapause development of the third-generation diapausing pupae. The lethal temperatures (LTs) for the three generations were determined using 24-h exposure at subzero temperatures. The mean SCP of the pupae was estimated at approx. −22.6°C, the lowest level of which (−23.7°C) was recorded in the well-developed diapausing pupae in February. The highest level of cold tolerance was also recorded in February. There were no significant differences among the temperatures required to kill 30, 50, and 90% of the pupae. The temperatures significantly decreased from October onward and reached the lowest levels in February during which the lowest SCP and the highest cold tolerance were observed in the diapausing pupae. No significant differences were found in the cryoprotectant levels, among the diapausing and nondiapausing pupae, and the diapause development. The highest activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) was recorded in the late diapause in February. The findings suggested a relationship among SCP depression, cold tolerance enhancement, and diapause development. A bimodal cold-tolerance strategy (freeze-intolerant and freeze-tolerant) was found to be a feature of the pupae.

中文翻译：

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没有防冻剂积累的扩展过冷能力是欧洲葡萄蛾耐寒性的基础

欧洲葡萄蛾 Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermuller) 是一种严重的入侵性害虫，在世界大部分地区对葡萄的花朵和果实造成重大损失。这种多伏害虫作为第三代滞育蛹越冬。目前的研究旨在比较非滞育（第一代和第二代）和滞育蛹（第三代），并研究第三代滞育蛹的耐寒性、​​过冷点 (SCP) 和滞育发育之间的关系。三代人的致死温度 (LTs) 是在零下温度下暴露 24 小时来确定的。蛹的平均 SCP 估计约为。-22.6°C，其中最低水平（-23.7°C）记录在2月份发育良好的滞育蛹中。2月份也记录了最高水平的耐寒性。杀死 30%、50% 和 90% 的蛹所需的温度没有显着差异。从 10 月开始，气温显着下降，并在 2 月达到最低水平，在此期间，滞育蛹的 SCP 最低，耐寒性最高。在滞育和非滞育蛹以及滞育发育之间的冷冻保护剂水平没有显着差异。cAMP依赖性蛋白激酶（AMPK）的最高活性记录在二月份的滞育晚期。研究结果表明 SCP 抑郁、耐寒性增强和滞育发育之间存在关系。发现双峰耐寒策略（不耐冻和耐冻）是蛹的一个特征。