ABSTRACT

The intention behind this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims at reviewing the political settings that lead to the second phase (1937–1953) in the formation of the hawza leadership, often ignored by scholars. This period follows the death of the founder of the hawza ʿilmiyya of Qum, Ayatollah ʿAbd al-Karim Haʾeri in 1937, and precedes the 1953 CIA sponsored coup d’état, and includes the appointment of Ayatollah Husayn Borujerdi as the leader of the modern hawza. Secondly, the article assesses the leadership style of the triumvirate of Shiʿa jurists known as marajeʿ thalath, who managed to firmly consolidate the modern hawza of Qum despite the secularizing policies of the Pahlavis which aimed at eliminating the religious sector from the Iranian political scene. In order to understand the course of subsequent developments of the religious establishments and Shiʿi scholars in their attainment of power and influence in Iran in the course of the Islamic Revolution in 1979, it is crucial to investigate the developments during this period. This paper is the first study that draws on a range of primary sources not consulted before to research the political and social contributions of the triumvirate during the period of 1937–1953.

摘要

这篇文章背后的意图是双重的。首先，它旨在回顾导致第二阶段（1937 年至 1953 年）形成的hawza领导层的政治背景，而这一阶段往往被学者们所忽视。这一时期是在 1937 年阿亚图拉·阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·哈·埃里(Ayatollah ʿ Abd al-Karim Haʾeri ) 的创始人阿亚图拉·阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·哈·埃里 (Ayatollah ʿ Abd al-Karim Haʾeri) 去世之后，在 1953 年中央情报局发起的政变之前，包括任命阿亚图拉·侯赛因·博鲁杰迪 (Ayatollah Husayn Borujerdi) 为现代政治领袖哈扎。其次，本文评估了被称为marajeʿ thalath的什叶派法学家三巨头的领导风格，他们成功地巩固了现代hawza尽管巴列维斯的世俗化政策旨在从伊朗政治舞台上消除宗教部门，但库姆仍然存在。为了了解宗教机构和什叶派学者在 1979 年伊斯兰革命期间在伊朗获得权力和影响力的后续发展过程，调查这一时期的发展至关重要。本文是第一项利用之前未曾查阅过的一系列主要资源来研究 1937 年至 1953 年期间三巨头的政治和社会贡献的研究。