Many of the world's poorest citizens live in peripheral spaces their states have chosen not to control. Leaving these spaces ungoverned poses challenges for development, global terrorism, and conflict. Can the international community induce countries to invest in controlling their territory? I consider the Bush Administration's foreign policy, which, following the September 11th attacks, demanded that countries take active steps to reduce terrorist safe havens or risk a US invasion. Drawing upon recent work on the determinants of government control, I develop a difference-in-difference strategy to test for evidence of government expansions and implement this test using subnational data on conflict, government presence, and public goods in Africa. Across a wide range of specifications and measures, I consistently find precise estimates suggesting African states did not engage in these expansions. The results suggest that broad-based deterrence is an ineffective policy strategy to reduce ungoverned spaces.

世界上许多最贫穷的公民生活在其国家选择不控制的外围空间中。离开这些空间不受控制会给发展，全球恐怖主义和冲突带来挑战。国际社会可以诱使各国投资控制其领土吗？我认为布什政府的外交政策是在9月11日袭击之后要求各国采取积极措施减少恐怖分子的安全庇护所或冒着美国入侵的危险。借助最近关于政府控制决定因素的工作，我制定了一种差异策略，以测试政府扩张的证据，并使用有关非洲冲突，政府存在和公共物品的地方数据来实施该测试。在各种各样的规范和措施中，没有参与这些扩展。结果表明，广泛的威慑是减少无效空间的无效策略。