The Japan Sea is ideal for investigating deep water formation due to its unique topography and hydrography. However, because of the scarcity of reliable indicator and high-resolution ventilation records, the driving mechanisms behind ventilation changes in the entire Japan Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) remain elusive. In this study, we analyze the radiolarian assemblage in three sediment cores from the southwestern, central, and northwestern Japan Sea to reveal ventilation variations over the last 25 ka. Our results suggest that weak ventilation was a widespread phenomenon in the Japan Sea during the LGM. This is inferred by the low relative abundances of species belonging into the Japan Sea Proper Water (JSPW) Assemblage, which are indicative of deep water ventilation in the Japan Sea. The JSPW Assemblage have gradually become the predominant species in studied cores from the last deglaciation to the early Holocene, suggesting an abrupt transition from oxygen poorer to oxygen richer conditions. All investigated regions show re-ventilation during the deglaciation, albeit at different times. The JSPW ventilation in the central Japan Sea started during the 19 ka Melt-water Pulse (MWP) and remained in an interglacial mode after MWP-1A (~14.7 ka), presumably due to the opening of the Tsushima Strait and intrusion of the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC). An abrupt increase in productive shallow water export during the Bølling-Allerød (B/A) was likely the key factor causing poorly oxygenated deep-water conditions in the southwestern Japan Sea. In contrast, the weakening ventilation in the northwestern Japan Sea during the B/A and Younger Dryas was probably caused by the blocking effect of the sea ice.

由于其独特的地形和水文学，日本海是研究深水形成的理想选择。但是，由于缺乏可靠的指标和高分辨率的通风记录，自上次冰河最高峰（LGM）以来，整个日本海通风变化的驱动机制仍然难以捉摸。在这项研究中，我们分析了日本西南部，中部和西北部三个沉积岩心中的放射虫组合，以揭示过去25 ka的通风变化。我们的结果表明，在LGM期间，通风不良是日本海中普遍存在的现象。这是由属于日本海自来水（JSPW）组合的物种相对较低的丰度来推断的，这表明日本海深层通风。从最后一次冰消作用到早期全新世，JSPW组合逐渐成为研究岩心中的主要物种，这表明从贫氧条件向富氧条件突然转变。尽管在不同的时间，但所有被调查的地区在冰消期间均显示出重新通风。日本中部海域的JSPW通风始于19 ka融水脉动（MWP）并在MWP-1A（〜14.7 ka）之后一直处于冰间模式，这可能是由于对马海峡的开放和对马海的入侵暖流（TWC）。在Bølling-Allerød（B / A）期间，生产性浅水出口的突然增加可能是导致日本西南部深水含氧量不足的关键因素。相比之下，