Background

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Exposure to air pollution, specifically particulate matter of diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM_2.5), is a well-established risk factor for CVD. However, the contribution of gaseous pollutant exposure to CVD risk is less clear.

Objective

To examine the vascular effects of exposure to individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and mixtures of VOCs.

Methods

We measured urinary metabolites of acrolein (CEMA and 3HPMA), 1,3-butadiene (DHBMA and MHBMA3), and crotonaldehyde (HPMMA) in 346 nonsmokers with varying levels of CVD risk. On the day of enrollment, we measured blood pressure (BP), reactive hyperemia index (RHI – a measure of endothelial function), and urinary levels of catecholamines and their metabolites. We used generalized linear models for evaluating the association between individual VOC metabolites and BP, RHI, and catecholamines, and we used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to assess exposure to VOC metabolite mixtures and BP.

Results

We found that the levels of 3HPMA were positively associated with systolic BP (0.98 mmHg per interquartile range (IQR) of 3HPMA; CI: 0.06, 1.91; P = 0.04). Stratified analysis revealed an increased association with systolic BP in Black participants despite lower levels of urinary 3HPMA. This association was independent of PM_2.5 exposure and BP medications. BKMR analysis confirmed that 3HPMA was the major metabolite associated with higher BP in the presence of other metabolites. We also found that 3HPMA and DHBMA were associated with decreased endothelial function. For each IQR of 3HPMA or DHBMA, there was a −4.4% (CI: −7.2, −0.0; P = 0.03) and a −3.9% (CI: −9.4, −0.0; P = 0.04) difference in RHI, respectively. Although in the entire cohort the levels of several urinary VOC metabolites were weakly associated with urinary catecholamines and their metabolites, in Black participants, DHBMA levels showed strong associations with urinary norepinephrine and normetanephrine levels.

Discussion

Exposure to acrolein and 1,3-butadiene is associated with endothelial dysfunction and may contribute to elevated risk of hypertension in participants with increased sympathetic tone, particularly in Black individuals.

中文翻译：

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接触挥发性有机化合物（丙烯醛、1,3-丁二烯和巴豆醛）与血管功能障碍有关

背景

心血管疾病（CVD）是全世界死亡的主要原因。_{暴露于空气污染，特别是直径≤2.5 μm (PM 2.5} )的颗粒物，是 CVD 的一个公认的危险因素。然而，气态污染物暴露对CVD风险的影响尚不清楚。

客观的

检查暴露于单一挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 和 VOC 混合物对血管的影响。

方法

我们测量了 346 名具有不同 CVD 风险水平的非吸烟者的尿中丙烯醛（CEMA 和 3HPMA）、1,3-丁二烯（DHBMA 和 MHBMA3）和巴豆醛 (HPMMA) 代谢物。入组当天，我们测量了血压（BP）、反应性充血指数（RHI——内皮功能的衡量指标）以及尿儿茶酚胺及其代谢物的水平。我们使用广义线性模型来评估单个 VOC 代谢物与 BP、RHI 和儿茶酚胺之间的关联，并使用贝叶斯核机器回归 (BKMR) 来评估 VOC 代谢物混合物和 BP 的暴露。

结果

我们发现 3HPMA 水平与收缩压呈正相关（3HPMA 每四分位距 (IQR) 0.98 mmHg；CI：0.06，1.91；P = 0.04）。分层分析显示，尽管黑人参与者的尿液 3HPMA 水平较低，但与收缩压的相关性增加。_{这种关联与 PM 2.5}暴露和降压药物无关。BKMR 分析证实，在存在其他代谢物的情况下，3HPMA 是与较高血压相关的主要代谢物。我们还发现 3HPMA 和 DHBMA 与内皮功能下降有关。对于 3HPMA 或 DHBMA 的每个 IQR，RHI 分别存在 -4.4%（CI：-7.2，-0.0；P = 0.03）和 -3.9%（CI：-9.4，-0.0；P = 0.04）差异。尽管在整个队列中，几种尿液 VOC 代谢物的水平与尿液儿茶酚胺及其代谢物的水平微弱相关，但在黑人参与者中，DHBMA 水平与尿液去甲肾上腺素和去甲变肾上腺素水平呈很强的相关性。

讨论

接触丙烯醛和 1,3-丁二烯与内皮功能障碍有关，可能会导致交感神经张力增强的参与者（尤其是黑人）患高血压的风险升高。