In the literature dedicated to twentieth-century music, the early history of electronic music is regularly presented hand in hand with the development of technical repetitive devices such as closed grooves and magnetic tape loops. Consequently, the idea that such devices were ‘invented’ in the studios of the first great representatives of electronic music tends to appear as an implicit consequence. However, re-examination of the long history of musical technology, from the ninth-century Banu Musa automatic flute to the Hammond organ of the 1930s, reveals that repetitive devices not only go right back to the earliest days of musical automation, but also evolved in a wide variety of contexts wholly unconnected from any form of musical institution. This article aims to shed light on this other, forgotten, history of repetitive audio technologies.

中文翻译：

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重复音频技术被遗忘的历史

在专门研究 20 世纪音乐的文献中，电子音乐的早期历史经常与技术重复设备（如闭合凹槽和磁带环）的发展携手并进。因此，这种设备是在电子音乐的第一批伟大代表的工作室中“发明”的想法往往表现为一种隐含的结果。然而，重新审视音乐技术的悠久历史，从 9 世纪的巴努穆萨自动长笛到 1930 年代的哈蒙德管风琴，我们发现重复设备不仅可以追溯到音乐自动化的早期，而且还不断进化在与任何形式的音乐机构完全无关的各种环境中。本文旨在阐明另一种被遗忘的重复音频技术的历史。