We used a high-resolution lacustrine pollen record from Étang Fer-de-Lance (45°21′21.9′N, 72°13′35.3′W), southeastern Québec, Canada, together with microcharcoal, to infer forest dynamics and human impacts over the past 2300 years. The lake is located in the eastern sugar maple-basswood forest domain of the Northern Temperate Forest of eastern North America. We found that the pollen percentages and influxes of Fagus grandifolia (American beech) and Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) significantly declined over the past 700 years. Over the last millennium, the pollen percentages and influxes of the Picea species (P. glauca, P. mariana, P. rubens) (white, black, and red spruce), and Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) significantly increased. We showed that these shifts in forest composition are being driven by changes in regional climate. In addition to the pollen percentage changes, the Medieval Climate Anomaly (AD 800–1300) appeared as increased pollen influxes and the Dark Ages Cold Period (AD 400–700) and Little Ice Age (AD 1400–1800) appeared as decreased pollen influxes. The signal for human modification of the landscape first appeared at ~AD 1550–1650 as increases in Ambrosia (ragweed) and Poaceae (grasses) from possible Indigenous agriculture. The signal of European settler landscape modification appeared at ~AD 1770 as the beginning of a steep, “classic” Ambrosia rise. It intensified over the subsequent 250 years as further increases in non-arboreal pollen taxa and early successional Acer (maple) species. Microcharcoal analysis showed that fire was a re-occurring event in the sugar maple-basswood domain, but had little impact on forest composition.

我们使用了加拿大东南魁北克省ÉtangFer-de-Lance（45°21′21.9′N，72°13′35.3′W）的高分辨率湖泊花粉记录以及微木炭来推断森林动态和人类影响在过去2300年中 该湖位于北美东部北温带森林的东部糖枫-bas木森林地区。我们发现，过去700年间，大叶山毛榉（Fabus grandifolia，美洲山毛榉）和加拿大尖杉（Tsuga canadensis）（东部铁杉）的花粉百分比和流入量显着下降。在最近的一千年中，云杉属（P. glauca，P。mariana，P。rubens）（白云杉，黑云杉和红云杉）和松树花粉的花粉百分比和流入量（东部白松）明显增加。我们表明，森林组成的这些变化是由区域气候变化驱动的。除花粉百分比变化外，中世纪气候异常（AD 800–1300）还表现为花粉涌入增加，而黑暗时代寒冷时期（AD 400–700）和小冰期（AD 1400–1800）则表现为花粉涌入减少。 。人类的景观变化信号最早出现于公元1550年至1650年，原因是可能的土著农业增加了豚草（豚草）和禾本科（草）的生长。欧洲定居者景观改造的信号出现在大约公元1770年，是一个陡峭的“经典”佳肴的开始上升。在随后的250年中，由于非乔木花粉类群和早期演替的Acer（枫树）物种的进一步增加，这种现象加剧了。微木炭分析表明，火灾是糖枫-bas木地区的再度发生，但对森林组成的影响很小。