Sea water intrusion (SWI) has been widely recognized as a global problem, significantly influencing coastal aquifers, mostly through reduced water quality and agricultural production indicators. In this paper, we present the outcomes of the implementation of two independent real-time monitoring systems, planned and installed to get insights on groundwater dynamics within the adjacent coastal aquifer systems, one located in the Neretva Valley, southeastern Croatia, the other located south of the Venice lagoon, northeastern Italy. Both systems are presented with technical details and the capacity to observe, store, and transmit (Neretva site) observed values in real-time. Analysis of time series reveals the significant influence of the sea level oscillations onto the observed groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) and piezometric head values, while precipitation rate is detected as a driving mechanism for groundwater parameters in shallow geological units. The installed monitoring systems are shown to be of great importance to provide qualitative and quantitative information on the processes influencing groundwater and surface water dynamics within two coastal systems.

中文翻译：

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理解地中海海水入侵动态的地下水监测系统：内雷特瓦河谷和威尼斯南部沿海含水层案例研究

海水入侵（SWI）已被广泛认为是一个全球性问题，主要通过降低水质和农业生产指标来严重影响沿海含水层。在本文中，我们介绍了两个独立的实时监控系统的实施结果，这些系统的计划和安装旨在了解相邻沿海含水层系统内的地下水动力学，其中一个位于克罗地亚东南部的内雷特瓦河谷，另一个位于南部威尼斯泻湖，意大利东北部。两种系统都具有技术细节以及实时观察，存储和传输（Neretva站点）观察值的能力。时间序列分析揭示了海平面振荡对观测到的地下水电导率（EC）和测压水头值的重大影响，降水率是浅层地质单位地下水参数的驱动机制。事实表明，已安装的监测系统对于提供影响两个沿海系统内地下水和地表水动力学的过程的定性和定量信息非常重要。