ABSTRACT

Background: It has been suggested that resilience is best conceptualized as healthy and stable functioning in the face of a potentially traumatic event. However, most research on this field has focused on self-reported resilience, and other patterns of response when facing adversity, in cross-sectional designs.

Objective: Alternatively, we aimed to study changing patterns of psychological responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population, based on patterns of symptoms, and factors contributing to those patterns.

Method: A national representative sample of Spain (N = 1,628) responded to an internet-based survey at two assessment points, separated by 1 month (April and May 2020), during the official national confinement stage. Based upon whether participants exhibited absence/presence of distress (i.e., significant trauma-related, depression, or anxiety symptoms) at one or two of the assessment times, patterns of psychological responses were defined by categorizing individuals into one of the four categories: Resilience, Delayed distress, Recovered, and Sustained distress.

Results: Analyses of the levels of disturbance associated with the symptoms provided support to that four-fold distinction of patterns of responses. Furthermore, resilience responses were the most common psychological response to the pandemic. Multinomial regression analyses revealed that the main variables increasing the probability of resilience to COVID-19 were being male, older, having no history of mental health difficulties, higher levels of psychological well-being and high identification with all humanity. Also, having low scores in several variables (i.e., anxiety and economic threat due to COVID-19, substance use during the confinement, intolerance to uncertainty, death anxiety, loneliness, and suspiciousness) was a significant predictor of a resilient response to COVID-19.

Conclusion: Our findings are consistent with previous literature that conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic process. The clinical implications of significant predictors of the resilience and the rest of psychological patterns of response are discussed.

摘要

背景：有人建议，最好将复原力概念化为面对潜在的创伤性事件时的健康和稳定的功能。然而，该领域的大多数研究都集中在横截面设计中的自我报告的弹性以及面对逆境时的其他反应模式。

目的：或者，我们旨在根据症状模式和促成这些模式的因素，研究普通人群对 COVID-19 大流行的心理反应模式的变化。

方法：西班牙的全国代表性样本（N = 1,628）在官方国家禁闭阶段在相隔 1 个月（2020 年 4 月和 2020 年 5 月）的两个评估点对基于互联网的调查作出回应。根据参与者在评估时间的一个或两个时间是否表现出不存在/存在痛苦（即明显的创伤相关、抑郁或焦虑症状），通过将个体分为以下四个类别之一来定义心理反应模式： ，延迟的痛苦，恢复的和持续的痛苦。

结果：对与症状相关的干扰水平的分析为反应模式的四重区别提供了支持。此外，复原力反应是对这一流行病最常见的心理反应。多项回归分析显示，增加对 COVID-19 的复原力概率的主要变量是男性、年龄较大、没有心理健康问题的历史、更高水平的心理健康和对全人类的高度认同。此外，在几个变量（即 COVID-19 引起的焦虑和经济威胁、监禁期间的物质使用、对不确定性的不容忍、死亡焦虑、孤独和怀疑）中得分较低是对 COVID-19 的弹性反应的重要预测因素。 19.

结论：我们的研究结果与之前将复原力概念化为动态过程的文献一致。讨论了复原力的重要预测因子和其他心理反应模式的临床意义。