Sturgeon immunity is relevant for basic evolutionary and applied research, including caviar- and meat-producing aquaculture, protection of wild sturgeons and their re-introduction through conservation aquaculture. Starting from a comprehensive overview of immune organs, we discuss pathways of innate and adaptive immune systems in a vertebrate phylogenetic and genomic context. The thymus as a key organ of adaptive immunity in sturgeons requires future molecular studies. Likewise, data on immune functions of sturgeon-specific pericardial and meningeal tissues are largely missing. Integrating immunological and endocrine functions, the sturgeon head kidney resembles that of teleosts. Recently identified pattern recognition receptors in sturgeon require research on downstream regulation. We review first acipenseriform data on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), type I transmembrane glycoproteins expressed in membranes and endosomes, initiating inflammation and host defence by molecular pattern-induced activation. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like (RIG-like) receptors of sturgeons present RNA and key sensors of virus infections in most cell types. Sturgeons and teleosts share major components of the adaptive immune system, including B cells, immunoglobulins, major histocompatibility complex and the adaptive cellular response by T cells. The ontogeny of the sturgeon innate and onset of adaptive immune genes in different organs remain understudied. In a genomics perspective, our new data on 100 key immune genes exemplify a multitude of evolutionary trajectories after the sturgeon-specific genome duplication, where some single-copy genes contrast with many duplications, allowing tissue specialization, sub-functionalization or both. Our preliminary conclusion should be tested by future evolutionary bioinformatics, involving all >1000 immunity genes. This knowledge update about the acipenseriform immune system identifies several important research gaps and presents a basis for future applications.

中文翻译：

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鲟鱼和白鲟（Acipenseriformes）的免疫系统：对染色体尺度鲟鱼基因组新数据的综述

鲟鱼免疫与基础进化和应用研究相关，包括鱼子酱和肉类水产养殖、野生鲟的保护以及通过保护性水产养殖重新引入。从对免疫器官的全面概述开始，我们讨论了脊椎动物系统发育和基因组环境中先天性和适应性免疫系统的途径。胸腺作为鲟鱼适应性免疫的关键器官需要未来的分子研究。同样，关于鲟鱼特异性心包和脑膜组织免疫功能的数据也大量缺失。整合免疫和内分泌功能，鲟鱼头肾类似于硬骨鱼。最近在鲟鱼中发现的模式识别受体需要对下游调节进行研究。我们回顾了 Toll 样受体 (TLR) 的第一个 acipenseriform 数据，在膜和内体中表达的 I 型跨膜糖蛋白，通过分子模式诱导的激活引发炎症和宿主防御。鲟鱼的视黄酸诱导基因 I 样 (RIG 样) 受体在大多数细胞类型中呈现 RNA 和病毒感染的关键传感器。鲟鱼和硬骨鱼共享适应性免疫系统的主要成分，包括 B 细胞、免疫球蛋白、主要组织相容性复合体和 T 细胞的适应性细胞反应。鲟鱼先天性的个体发育和不同器官中适应性免疫基因的发生仍未得到充分研究。从基因组学的角度来看，我们关于 100 个关键免疫基因的新数据举例说明了鲟鱼特异性基因组复制后的众多进化轨迹，其中一些单拷贝基因与许多重复形成对比，从而允许组织特化，子功能化或两者兼而有之。我们的初步结论应该通过未来的进化生物信息学进行测试，涉及所有> 1000 个免疫基因。这一关于 acipenseriform 免疫系统的知识更新确定了几个重要的研究空白，并为未来的应用提供了基础。