Two-dimensional axisymmetric heat source distributions of the arc plasma were obtained by a grid-based simulation. These distributions and a particle-based method that couples the discrete element method (DEM) and incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) were then applied to verify the mechanisms of slag and weld pool formation and the thermal effects of flux and slag on the base metal, weld pool and weld bead. The slag and weld pool were simulated together, and their formation and resolidification mechanisms were verified. The velocity fields in the weld pool showed that the transport of high-temperature molten metal from the weld pool surface behind the center of the heat source to the bottom of the weld pool heated the bottom of the weld, leading to deep penetration. It was found that the heat on the metal surface near the heat source was temporarily absorbed by the flux, and the heat was transferred back to the metal surface after the heat source passed. The temperature decrease of the metal surface was also limited by the slag covering the metal surface, leading to a higher surface temperature in submerged arc welding than in gas metal arc welding.

通过基于网格的模拟获得了电弧等离子体的二维轴对称热源分布。然后应用这些分布和结合离散元素法（DEM）和不可压缩的平滑粒子流体动力学（ISPH）的基于粒子的方法来验证熔渣和熔池形成的机理以及熔剂和熔渣对母材的热效应，焊池和焊缝。一起模拟了熔渣和熔池，并验证了它们的形成和再凝固机理。焊池中的速度场表明，高温熔融金属从热源中心后面的焊池表面到焊池底部的传输加热了焊缝底部，从而导致深熔。发现在热源附近的金属表面上的热量被焊剂暂时吸收，并且在热源通过之后，热量被传递回金属表面。金属表面的温度下降也受到覆盖金属表面的炉渣的限制，导致埋弧焊的表面温度高于气焊金属电弧焊的表面温度。