Abstract From the late eleventh century to the early twelfth century, diplomatic relationships were unstable in East Asia, and thus the importance of diplomacy was emphasized between countries. In this period, each country sought to strengthen its sovereign power and used diplomacy as a means to accomplish this objective. Of particular importance, the exchange of medical services and medical education became a means of diplomacy. In one incident, Koryŏ requested from Song medical aid for the treatment of the king’s illness. As the resumption of diplomatic relations between Koryŏ and Song began, Song responded positively to the request for assistance. In addition to the relationship between Koryŏ and Song, medical services provided by Koryŏ served to establish early diplomatic negotiations with the Wanyanbu Jurchen. Koryŏ also requested physicians from Japan with the aim to establish relations with them, but were unsuccessful in this as Japan’s worldview and diplomatic customs were very different from Koryŏ’s. Such requests served to promote interstate diplomatic relationships as it allowed for not only the exchange of medical knowledge, but also for conveying diplomatic messages and negotiations. This paper, centered on Koryŏ, reviews the circumstances and events during this period in which the use of medical services was used a means for diplomacy.

中文翻译：

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东亚国家间关系与11世纪末12世纪初的医学交流

摘要 11世纪末至12世纪初，东亚地区的外交关系不稳定，国与国之间强调外交的重要性。这一时期，各国都力图加强主权，并以外交为手段来实现这一目标。尤其重要的是，医疗服务交流和医学教育成为一种外交手段。在一次事件中，Koryŏ 向宋请求医疗援助以治疗国王的疾病。随着科里热与宋恢复外交关系的开始，宋对援助请求做出了积极回应。除了Koryŏ和Song之间的关系之外，Koryŏ提供的医疗服务有助于与Wanyanbu女真建立早期的外交谈判。Koryŏ 还向日本请来了医生，目的是与他们建立关系，但未能成功，因为日本的世界观和外交习惯与 Koryŏ 的截然不同。此类请求有助于促进国家间外交关系，因为它不仅可以交流医学知识，还可以传达外交信息和谈判。本文以 Koryŏ 为中心，回顾了在此期间使用医疗服务作为外交手段的情况和事件。也用于传达外交信息和谈判。本文以 Koryŏ 为中心，回顾了在此期间使用医疗服务作为外交手段的情况和事件。也用于传达外交信息和谈判。本文以 Koryŏ 为中心，回顾了在此期间使用医疗服务作为外交手段的情况和事件。