“The nation state . . . found the novel.And vice versa: the novel found the nation-state” (Moretti 17). Franco Moretti's famous formulation has proved as partial as it is influential, challenged by a growing body of transnational scholarship. It is challenged as well by a different set of novels from the canonical ones Moretti has in mind: working-class penny fiction. Given the inequities of society, it is not surprising that this literature expresses a more complicated relationship to England. The working classes laid claim to England itself, insisting that their autochthonic status made them its true sons but that within the nation-state they were subjects, not citizens. The gap between this deep sense of belonging and formal political exclusion structures hundreds of penny novels produced in the mid-nineteenth century.

中文翻译：

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超越国家：便士小说、克里米亚战争和政治归属感

“民族国家。. . 找到了小说。反之亦然：小说找到了民族国家”（莫雷蒂 17）。Franco Moretti 著名的提法已被证明是片面的，但也有影响力，受到越来越多的跨国学术团体的挑战。它也受到与莫雷蒂心目中的经典小说不同的一组小说的挑战：工人阶级的便士小说。鉴于社会的不平等，这些文献表达了与英格兰更复杂的关系也就不足为奇了。工人阶级对英格兰本身提出了要求，坚持认为他们的本土地位使他们成为真正的儿子，但在民族国家内部，他们是臣民，而不是公民。这种深刻的归属感与正式的政治排斥之间的差距构成了 19 世纪中叶创作的数百本便士小说。