Glinus is a small genus of Molluginaceae with 8–10 species mostly distributed in the tropics of the World. Its composition and evolutionary relationships were poorly studied. A new molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (rbcL, trnK-matK) markers confirmed the monophyly of the genus. Based on ITS analysis, the following well-supported lineages are present within Glinus: the G. bainesii lineage is recovered as sister to the remainder of the genus followed by G. oppositifolius. Three other clades are: G. hirtus with G. orygioides; G. radiatus and G. lotoides; the latter is represented by a sample from North America, and G. zambesiacus as sister to G. setiflorus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides. On the plastid gene tree, G. bainesii + G. oppositifolius form a sister clade to all other Glinus species. The next clade is formed by G. hirtus and G. orygioides followed by G. radiatus plus an American sample of G. lotoides. The next branch comprises G. setiflorus as sister to G. zambesiacus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides. Glinus seems to have originated from Africa around the Late Eocene or Early Miocene, with further radiations to Australia and the Americas during the Late Miocene or Late Pliocene. Compared with the previous limited character set used for the diagnostics, we have found ten new morphological and carpological traits distinguishing Glinus members. In both trees based on nuclear and plastid datasets, the major phylogenetic clades cannot be characterized by the peculiar morphological characters. Many shared character states leading to their contrasting pattern in the multivariate analysis model are interpreted as a high homoplasy in the phylogenetically distant species. We paid special attention to the composition of the genus in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region with the greatest species diversity. Our results provide new insight into the taxonomy of Glinus in this region. Glinus lotoides var. virens accepted in many previous works is a synonym of G. dictamnoides that is closely related to G. lotoides based on molecular analysis and morphological characters. The status of the American populations of G. lotoides needs further investigation due to different characters of the specimens from the Old and the New World. Many specimens previously identified as G. lotoides var. virens and as the intermediates G. lotoides × G. oppositifolius belong to G. zambesiacussp. nov. and G. hirtuscomb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta); the latter species is resurrected from synonymy after 200 years of unacceptance. In some African treatments, G. hirtus was known under the invalidly published name G. dahomensis. Glinus zambesiacus is distributed in the southern and eastern parts of tropical Africa, and G. hirtus previously assumed to be endemic to West Africa is indeed a species with a wide distribution across the tropical part of the continent. Glinus microphyllus previously accepted as endemic to West Tropical Africa together with other new synonyms (G. oppositifolius var. lanatus, G. herniarioides, Wycliffea rotundifolia) is considered here as G. oppositifolius var. keenaniicomb. nov. (≡ Mollugo hirta var. keenanii), a variety found across the entire distribution of G. oppositifolius (Australia, Asia, and Africa). The presence of the American G. radiatus in Africa is not confirmed, and all records of this species belong to G. hirtus. The lectotypes of some names (G. dictamnoides, G. herniarioides, Mollugo hirta, M. setiflora, Pharnaceum pentagynum, Wycliffea) as well as a neotype of G. trianthemoides are designated. A new key to the identification of all Glinus species in Sub-Saharan Africa is provided. A checklist is given of all accepted species in this region (G. bainesii, G. hirtus, G. lotoides, G. oppositifolius s.l., G. setiflorus, and G. zambesiacus) with their nomenclature, morphological description and geographical distribution.

中文翻译：

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鹤嘴豆科（Molinuginaceae）的进化关系，生物地理学和形态特征，特别着重于撒哈拉以南非洲的属组成

胶质细胞是软体动物的小属，有8-10种，大部分分布在世界热带地区。其组成和进化关系研究很少。这里使用核（ITS）和叶绿体（rbcL，trnK-matK）标记构建的一种新的分子系统学证实了该属的单亲性。根据ITS分析，在Glinus中存在以下得到良好支持的谱系：Bainesii谱系作为其余属的姊妹恢复，其次是G. oppositifolius。其他三个分支是：G. hirtus与Orygioides。G.radiatus和G.lotoides; 后者由北美的一个样本代表，而G. zambesiacus是G. setiflorus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides的姐妹。在质体基因树上，贝氏芽孢杆菌+对生芽孢杆菌形成了其他所有Glinus物种的姊妹进化枝。下一个进化枝是由G. hirtus和G. orygioides组成，接着是Radi。G. radiatus和美国的G. lotoides样本。下一个分支包括作为G. zambesiacus + G. lotoides + G. dictamnoides的姐妹的G. setiflorus。Glinus似乎起源于始新世晚期或中新世前后的非洲，在中新世晚期或上新世晚期还向澳大利亚和美洲辐射。与以前用于诊断的有限字符集相比，我们发现了十个新的形态学和形态学特征，可区分Glinus成员。在基于核和质体数据集的两棵树中，主要的系统进化枝都无法通过独特的形态特征来表征。在多变量分析模型中，导致它们形成对比模式的许多共有字符状态被解释为在系统发生距离遥远的物种中高度同源。我们特别注意了撒哈拉以南非洲这个物种多样性最大的地区的属组成。我们的结果为该地区的Glinus分类学提供了新的见识。胶质软糖变种 在以前的许多工作中都接受的virens是G. dictamnoides的同义词，基于分子分析和形态特征，它与G. lotoides密切相关。由于旧世界和新世界标本的特征不同，美国G. lotoides种群的状况需要进一步调查。许多以前鉴定为G. lotoides var的标本。virens和作为中间体G. lotoides×G. 对生属于G. zambesiacussp。十一月 和G. hirtuscomb。十一月 （≡Mollugo hirta）; 经过200年的不接受之后，后者又从同义中复活。在某些非洲疗法中，已知有hir。G. hirtus，名称是无效发布的G. dahomensis。刺槐（Glinus zambesiacus）分布在热带非洲的南部和东部，以前被认为是西非特有的陆地棉（G. hirtus）确实是一种分布在整个非洲大陆热带地区的物种。先前被认为是西热带非洲特有种的小矮人豆荚与其他新的同义词（G. oppositifolius var。lanatus，G。herniarioides，Wycliffea rotundifolia）在这里被视为G. oppositifolius var。基纳尼康姆。十一月 （≡Mollugo hirta var。keenanii），在G的整个分布中发现的一个变种。oppositifolius（澳大利亚，亚洲和非洲）。未确认美洲辐射松在非洲的存在，并且该物种的所有记录都属于陆地棉。指定了一些名称的选型（G. dictamnoides，G。herniarioides，Mollugo hirta，M。setiflora，Pharnaceum pentagynum，Wycliffea）以及G. trianthemoides的新型。提供了一个新的钥匙，用于识别撒哈拉以南非洲的所有Glinus物种。列出该区域所有可接受的物种（G. bainesii，G。hirtus，G。lotoides，G。oppositifolius sl，G。setiflorus和G. zambesiacus）的清单，并带有其命名，形态描述和地理分布。指定了一些名称的选型（G. dictamnoides，G。herniarioides，Mollugo hirta，M。setiflora，Pharnaceum pentagynum，Wycliffea）以及G. trianthemoides的新型。提供了一个新的钥匙，可用于识别撒哈拉以南非洲地区的所有Glinus物种。列出该区域所有可接受的物种（G. bainesii，G。hirtus，G。lotoides，G。oppositifolius sl，G。setiflorus和G. zambesiacus）的清单，并带有其命名，形态描述和地理分布。指定了一些名称的选型（G. dictamnoides，G。herniarioides，Mollugo hirta，M。setiflora，Pharnaceum pentagynum，Wycliffea）以及G. trianthemoides的新型。提供了一个新的钥匙，用于识别撒哈拉以南非洲的所有Glinus物种。列出该区域所有可接受的物种（G. bainesii，G。hirtus，G。lotoides，G。oppositifolius sl，G。setiflorus和G. zambesiacus）的清单，并带有其命名，形态描述和地理分布。