Fluorine doping of a compositionally graded cathode, with an average concentration of Li[Ni_0.80Co_0.05Mn_0.15]O₂, yields a high discharge capacity of 216 mA h g⁻¹ with unprecedented cycling stability by retaining 78% of its initial capacity after 8000 cycles. The cathode is cycled at 100% depth of discharge (DOD), unlike the currently deployed layered cathode whose DOD is limited to 60–80% to compensate for capacity fading and guarantee the required battery life. Additionally, the capacity and cycling stability of the cathode easily surpass those of the existing state-of-the-art batteries, while achieving the energy density goal of 800 W h kg⁻¹_cathode for electric vehicles (EV) with ultra-long cycle life. The structural and chemical stabilities of the cathode were provided by the compositional partitioning and unique microstructure of the compositionally graded cathode combined with the ordered site-intermixing of Li and transition metal (TM) ions discovered via transmission electron microscopy. F doping induced the formation of a 2a_hex × 2a_hex × c_hex superlattice from ordered Li occupation in TM slabs and vice versa, which has been proven to be essential for suppressing microcrack formation in deeply charged states, while maintaining the structural stability of the cathode during extended cycling. Furthermore, the proposed cathode allows for the recycling of used EV batteries in energy storage systems, thereby alleviating the negative environmental impact by reducing the CO₂ emissions and cost associated with disposing of dead batteries.

中文翻译：

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阳离子订购的富镍层状阴极可实现超长电池寿命

平均浓度为Li [Ni _0.80 Co _0.05 Mn _0.15 ] O ₂的成分梯度阴极的氟掺杂可产生216 mA hg ^-1的高放电容量，并通过在8000次后保留其初始容量的78％而具有空前的循环稳定性周期。阴极以100％的放电深度（DOD）循环，这与当前部署的分层阴极不同，DOD限制为60-80％，以补偿容量衰减并保证所需的电池寿命。此外，阴极的容量和循环稳定性很容易超过现有的最新电池，同时达到了800 W h kg ^-1_阴极的能量密度目标适用于具有超长循环寿命的电动汽车（EV）。阴极的结构和化学稳定性是通过组成分级的阴极的组成分配和独特的微观结构，以及通过透射电子显微镜发现的有序的Li和过渡金属（TM）离​​子的有序混合而提供的。F掺杂导致TM平板中有序的Li占据形成2 a _hex ×2 a _hex × c _hex超晶格，反之亦然业已证明，在延长充电循环期间保持阴极的结构稳定性的同时，这对于抑制深电荷状态下的微裂纹形成至关重要。此外，提出的阴极允许在能量存储系统中回收用过的EV电池，从而通过减少CO ₂排放和与废旧电池处置相关的成本来减轻对环境的负面影响。