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Long‐term Observations Reveal Environmental Conditions and Food Supply Mechanisms at an Arctic Deep‐Sea Sponge Ground
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-22 , DOI: 10.1029/2020jc016776
Ulrike Hanz 1 , Emyr Martyn Roberts 2 , Gerard Duineveld 1 , Andrew Davies 3 , Hans van Haren 1 , Hans Tore Rapp 2, 4 , Gert‐Jan Reichart 1, 5 , Furu Mienis 1
Affiliation  

Deep‐sea sponge grounds are hotspots of benthic biomass and diversity. To date, very limited data exist on the range of environmental conditions in areas containing deep‐sea sponge grounds and which factors are driving their distribution and sustenance. We investigated oceanographic conditions at a deep‐sea sponge ground located on an Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge seamount. Hydrodynamic measurements were performed along Conductivity‐Temperature‐Depth transects, and a lander was deployed within the sponge ground that recorded near‐bottom physical properties as well as vertical fluxes of organic matter over an annual cycle. The data demonstrate that the sponge ground is found at water temperatures of −0.5°C to 1°C and is situated at the interface between two water masses at only 0.7° equatorward of the turning point latitude of semi‐diurnal lunar internal tides. Internal waves supported by vertical density stratification interact with the seamount topography and produce turbulent mixing as well as resuspension of organic matter with temporarily very high current speeds up to 0.72 m s−1. The vertical movement of the water column delivers food and nutrients from water layers above and below toward the sponge ground. Highest organic carbon flux was observed during the summer phytoplankton bloom period, providing fresh organic matter from the surface. The flux of fresh organic matter is unlikely to sustain the carbon demand of this ecosystem. Therefore, the availability of bacteria, nutrients, and dissolved and particulate matter, delivered by tidally forced internal wave turbulence and transport by horizontal mean flows, likely plays an important role in meeting ecosystem‐level food requirements.

中文翻译:

长期观察揭示了北极深海海绵地的环境条件和食物供应机制

深海海绵地面是底栖生物量和多样性的热点。迄今为止,关于深海海绵地面区域环境条件范围的数据非常有限,哪些因素正在推动其分布和维持。我们调查了北极中海岭海山上深海海绵地面的海洋条件。沿电导率-温度-深度断面进行水动力测量,并在海绵地面内部署着陆器,该着陆器记录了近乎底部的物理特性以及一年周期内有机物的垂直通量。数据表明,海绵碎屑是在-0.5°C至1°C的水温下发现的,位于两个水团之间的界面处,仅为0。半日月潮内部转折点纬线的赤道角为7°。垂直密度分层所支持的内部波与海山地形相互作用,并产生湍流混合以及有机物的重悬,其暂时的高电流速度高达0.72 m s-1。水柱的垂直运动将食物和营养物从上方和下方的水层输送到海绵地面。在夏季浮游植物开花期观察到最高的有机碳通量,从表面提供了新鲜的有机物质。新鲜有机物的流量不太可能维持该生态系统的碳需求。因此,通过潮汐强迫的内部波浪湍流传递的细菌,营养物以及溶解和颗粒物质的可用性,以及通过水平平均流的传递,可能在满足生态系统级食品需求方面起着重要作用。
更新日期:2021-03-12
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