We determined the dermal exposure of plant protection products containing prothioconazole (PTZ) after spraying a standard crop using a tractor-operated boom sprayer. Dermal exposure of adult and child bystanders to PTZ and its metabolite, PTZ-desthio was quantified in bystander drift studies. Exposure was greater on mannequins placed 2 m from the zero line, compared with 5 m or 8 m. When the overall boom height above the ground was the same, the relative boom and canopy heights had no impact on the spray drift, allowing pooling of data from different studies. Wind tunnel experiments were used to compare two flat fan nozzle types, which allowed dermal exposure measured in early bystander field studies using the flat fan TeeJet XR 110 03 nozzle to be adjusted using a conversion factor to reflect exposure from Hypro F110-03 nozzles. Values from studies using both flat fan nozzle types were pooled and compared with exposure using drift reduction nozzles. For the first time, 3D life-size mannequins used in field studies have shown that drift reduction nozzles exceed the EFSA-recommended 50% reduction in drift (potential exposure was reduced by 58–67%). The BREAM2 (Bystander and Resident Exposure Assessment Model) model resulted in better predictions of measured dermal exposure of PTZ equivalents than BREAM, albeit producing more conservative values for the 75th and 95th percentiles of potential dermal exposure compared to field studies (2.6-fold higher than measured values). Our results using measured potential and actual exposures indicate that the EFSA calculation of 18% protection by light clothing was too conservative.

中文翻译：

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植物保护产品应用过程中直接非作物漂移引起的旁观者皮肤暴露的测量

在使用拖拉机操作的喷杆喷雾器喷洒标准作物后，我们确定了含有丙硫菌唑 (PTZ) 的植物保护产品的皮肤暴露情况。成人和儿童旁观者对 PTZ 及其代谢物 PTZ-desthio 的皮肤暴露在旁观者漂移研究中进行了量化。与 5 m 或 8 m 相比，距离零线 2 m 的人体模型的曝光量更大。当整个喷杆离地高度相同时，喷杆和树冠的相对高度对喷雾漂移没有影响，从而可以汇集来自不同研究的数据。风洞实验用于比较两种扁平扇形喷嘴类型，这使得在早期旁观者现场研究中使用扁平扇形 TeeJet XR 110 03 喷嘴测量的皮肤暴露可以使用转换因子进行调整，以反映来自 Hypro F110-03 喷嘴的暴露。将使用两种扁平风扇喷嘴类型的研究值汇总并与使用漂移减少喷嘴的暴露进行比较。现场研究中使用的 3D 真人大小人体模型首次表明，减少漂移的喷嘴超过了 EFSA 建议的减少 50% 的漂移（潜在暴露减少了 58-67%）。BREAM2（旁观者和居民暴露评估模型）模型对测量的 PTZ 等效物的皮肤暴露比 BREAM 进行了更好的预测，尽管与现场研究相比，对潜在皮肤暴露的第 75 和 95 个百分位数产生了更保守的值（比现场研究高 2.6 倍）测量值）。我们使用测量的潜在暴露和实际暴露的结果表明，EFSA 计算的轻便服装 18% 保护过于保守。