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Portfolio simplification arising from a century of change in salmon population diversity and artificial production
Journal of Applied Ecology ( IF 5.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-21 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13835
Michael H. H. Price 1 , Jonathan W. Moore 1 , Brendan M. Connors 1, 2 , Kyle L. Wilson 1 , John D. Reynolds 1
Affiliation  

  1. Population and life-history diversity can buffer species from environmental variability and contribute to long-term stability through differing responses to varying conditions akin to the stabilizing effect of asset diversity on financial portfolios. While it is well known that many salmon populations have declined in abundance over the last century, we understand less about how different dimensions of diversity may have shifted. Specifically, how has diminished wild abundance and increased artificial production (i.e. enhancement) changed portfolios of salmon populations, and how might such change influence fisheries and ecosystems?
  2. We apply modern genetic tools to century-old sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka scales from Canada's Skeena River watershed to (a) reconstruct historical abundance and age-trait data for 1913–1947 to compare with recent information, (b) quantify changes in population and life-history diversity and the role of enhancement in population dynamics, and (c) quantify the risk to fisheries and local ecosystems resulting from observed changes in diversity and enhancement.
  3. The total number of wild sockeye returning to the Skeena River during the modern era is 69% lower than during the historical era; all wild populations have declined, several by more than 90%. However, enhancement of a single population has offset declines in wild populations such that aggregate abundances now are similar to historical levels.
  4. Population diversity has declined by 70%, and life-history diversity has shifted: populations are migrating from freshwater at an earlier age, and spending more time in the ocean. There also has been a contraction in abundance throughout the watershed, which likely has decreased the spatial extent of salmon provisions to Indigenous fisheries and local ecosystems. Despite the erosion of portfolio strength that this salmon complex hosted a century ago, total returns now are no more variable than they were historically perhaps in part due to the stabilizing effect of artificial production.
  5. Policy implications. Our study provides a rare example of the extent of erosion of within-species biodiversity over the last century of human influence. Rebuilding a diversity of abundant wild populations—that is, maintaining functioning portfolios—may help ensure that watershed complexes like the Skeena are robust to global change.


中文翻译:

一个世纪以来鲑鱼种群多样性和人工生产的变化导致产品组合简化

  1. 人口和生活史多样性可以缓冲物种免受环境变化的影响,并通过对不同条件的不同反应来促进长期稳定性,类似于资产多样性对金融投资组合的稳定作用。众所周知,许多鲑鱼种群在上个世纪大量减少,但我们对多样性的不同维度可能发生的变化了解较少。具体而言,野生资源的减少和人工生产的增加(即增强)如何改变鲑鱼种群的组合,以及这些变化如何影响渔业和生态系统?
  2. 我们将现代遗传工具应用于来自加拿大 Skeena 河流域的百年红鲑Oncorhynchus nerka鳞片,以 (a) 重建 1913-1947 年的历史丰度和年龄特征数据,以与最近的信息进行比较,(b) 量化人口和生活的变化- 历史多样性和增强在种群动态中的作用,以及 (c) 量化观察到的多样性和增强变化对渔业和当地生态系统造成的风险。
  3. 近代返回斯基纳河的野生红鲑总数比历史时期减少了69%;所有野生种群都减少了,有几个减少了 90% 以上。然而,单一种群的增加抵消了野生种群的下降,因此现在的总丰度与历史水平相似。
  4. 种群多样性下降了 70%,生活史多样性发生了变化:种群在更早的年龄从淡水迁移,并在海洋中度过了更多的时间。整个流域的丰度也有所减少,这可能减少了鲑鱼供应给土著渔业和当地生态系统的空间范围。尽管这个鲑鱼综合体在一个世纪前托管的投资组合实力受到侵蚀,但现在的总回报与历史上的变化不大,部分原因可能是人工生产的稳定作用。
  5. 政策影响。我们的研究提供了一个罕见的例子,说明在过去一个世纪人类影响下物种内生物多样性的侵蚀程度。重建丰富的野生种群的多样性——即保持功能正常的组合——可能有助于确保像斯基纳这样的流域综合体能够应对全球变化。
更新日期:2021-02-21
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