The phenomenon of social exclusion in Israel is a vivid demonstration of the Basic Laws' failure to fulfil their integrative role. Despite the ‘constitutional revolution’ and the Supreme Court's ongoing endeavour over the last two decades to instil a bill of rights through its jurisprudence, Israeli society has failed to fully internalise values of equality. In terms of legal jargon, individuals continue to claim and exercise ‘sole and despotic dominion’ over their private property in order to avoid contact with individuals belonging to certain minority groups. In many cases, such behaviour in the private sphere results in exclusion from the public sphere.This phenomenon is especially astonishing considering the fact that many laws in Israel apply the right of equality to the private sphere. Furthermore, the Israeli Supreme Court has developed comprehensive human rights jurisprudence applicable to the private sphere. The gap between the law in the books and the law in action illustrates that effective implementation of human rights in the private sphere cannot be achieved solely by specific legislation or by jurisprudence that is sensitive to human rights. This argument is backed by several recent bills which preserve and enforce the exclusion of minorities, particularly of Arabs, from the public sphere. These bills illustrate that exclusion is indeed a growing phenomenon in Israeli society that cannot be overlooked. Moreover, they underscore the urgent need to entrench a direct obligation to apply human rights to the private sphere at the constitutional level. This will be achieved only when Israel adopts a full constitution.

中文翻译：

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排斥的自由：以色列社会的案例

以色列的社会排斥现象是基本法未能发挥综合作用的生动体现。尽管“宪法革命”和最高法院在过去二十年中不断努力通过其判例灌输权利法案，但以色列社会未能充分内化平等价值观。用法律术语来说，个人继续声称并对其私有财产行使“唯一和专制统治”，以避免与属于某些少数群体的个人接触。在许多情况下，私人领域的这种行为导致被公共领域排斥。考虑到以色列的许多法律将平等权应用于私人领域这一事实，这一现象尤其令人惊讶。此外，以色列最高法院制定了适用于私人领域的综合性人权判例。书本法与实法的差距说明，仅靠具体的立法或对人权敏感的判例法无法在私人领域有效落实人权。这一论点得到了最近几项法案的支持，这些法案保留并强制将少数群体，特别是阿拉伯人排除在公共领域之外。这些法案表明，排斥确实是以色列社会日益严重的现象，不容忽视。此外，他们强调迫切需要在宪法层面确立将人权应用于私人领域的直接义务。这只有在以色列通过一部完整的宪法时才能实现。